third module
animals
psychopaths
theory of mind
old people
non human primates
dogs
goats
sharing
evidence for theory of mind
study of gorilla or thing who collects stones in morning when calm to throw later on when people come through and are aggravated
does not do this in off season
shows pre planning of a future mental state
chimpanzees when chased by human - go behind a tree to have something in between them and their oppressor
been domesticated living with humans for many years
puppies very young accept humans of same species
evidence for theory of mind
evidence against theory of mind
no strong language - need language for theory of mind
produces significant amount of cortisol in response to sound of baby crying
shows distress and empathy?
also showed similar cortisol for white noise
so further research was done to determine whether the baby crying was in response to empathy
dogs and infants have photos of angry sad and happy expressions
both look more at angry and happy rather than sad
dogs will follow gestures and eye gaze of humans to go towards food
call et al 2003 - study where told eat/don't eat and owner is in or out of the room
doesnt eat when told not to while owner stays in the room
however eats it when told not to if the owner leaves
so could this just be theory of behaviour of whether the owner is present or not
domesticated for different reasons
do domestic goats follow other goats gaze and do domestic goats follow human gaze
bonobos - sharers of food
chimpanzees eat alone, are more aggressive - occupied different side of river to bonobos over 1 million years ago
sex
chimps exchange meat for sex. males who are more sharing , more likely to get laid
do not point to objects to share attention
do not hold up objects for others to see and share
do not actively give or offer objects to other individuals
do not teach one another
engage in simple cooperation that does not require deep understanding of others
chimpanzees like 18 months human infants
eye gaze
important in friendly social relations
aggression and reconcillatory periods following aggresions
chimps more drawn to those who make direct eye contact
show anxiety in strange situation
demonstrate object permanence
pointing, bowing, nodding = easy,
head turning, glancing = harder
albuquerque et al 2016 have to facial and vocal expressions on both dogs and humans
dogs good at matching both dog and humans vocal and facial expressions
2/3 of goats used touching/tapping cue
1/3 use pointing cue
4/23 goats had experience with humans other than feeding
goats don't use gaze
hierarchy
clear dominance heierarchies are sensitive to recent interactions in shifting alliances
act in ways to facilitate alliances and gain favour
evidence against theory of mind
understand human expression but not necessarily the deeper feeling
may not clearly distinguish self vs other
again no good langauge so will never be able to make distinctions
show emotional contagion
false belief
ways to test false belief
siblings effect
ways to develop theory of mind
mum speaking own state of mind
mum uses words in different context - want
study with 7o, 9yo sibling, 9yo friend
structured - told to help, younger sibling still directs more to older sibling
unstructured - not told explicitly to help younger sibling build car. younger sibling still directs more to older sibling
advantage of having siblings in ToM
older siblings facilitate false belief through assistance, pretence, talk
give younger sibling someone to communicate with and imitate
disadvantage of having sib / advantage of only child
get sole attention of parents
witness more adult conversation
autism
timeline
around 18 months - get self recognition - understand me different from other beings (16 to 24 months)
around 1
social referencing - understanding emotions
pointing and following gaze
protoimperative - point wanting someone to grab and
protodeclarative - pointing with no apparent desire for an object
studies
bischof-kohler teddys arm falls of and experimenter cries for 2.5 minutes
11 are helpers = distressed but help
7 blocked = distressed and enlist mum or help after 2.5mins
10 confused - distressed but no help
8 unconcerned - not distressed and no help
ruffman, then, cheng show infants 2.5 yo +adults 4 videos of crying, laughing, babbling, white noise. rate participants maximum facial happiness and sadness
when adults look at crying more sad than happy
positive looking at white noise
onishi and bailargeon true belief sees goes in yellow thinks its in yellow and false belief doesnt see goes in yellow, thinks in green
round 2-3
desire - link happiness
child wants rabbit gets rabbit vs child wants dog gets rabbit. can identify which child would be more happy
know people act according to their desires
around 4
people act according to their beliefs
false belief transfer task
kid with chocolate put it in green cupboard mum moves it to the blue one. child has to know that the kid will think its still in the green
baka tribe - those under 5 failed
lying
theory of mind
self control
repeated behaviour
mirror self recognition
vocabulary and language acquisition
diagnosis
DSM
at least18
exhibit 3 or more of deceitfulness, failure to conform, impulsivity, irritable, disregard of safety, irresponsible, lack of remorse
PCL-R
prisons
make up 25-40% of prison populations
make up 1-4.5% of general population
reoffending
treatment not crafted for psychopaths
sexual assulaters who underwent training still 3% and 5% for violent higher than non psychotic sex offenders
have a 3% higher reoffending rate and a 4% higher violent reoffending rate
NZ study picked random 200 parole convicts - 34% were psychopathic scored higher than 18 on PCL
reoffend bc lack of fear for punishment, lack of empathy, more impulsive
ToM
worse at some theory of mind better at others
good at :
memory
could explain false belief of blue army example
bad at :
understanding others mental state
feeling emotion (guilt, sad)
need more than 16
no moral conventional distinction
brain of psychopaths deficits in:
amygdala = impaired emotional material
orbitofrontal cortex = reward and punishment centre
evidence of conduct disorder typically with onset before 15
anti-social personality disorder
heritability 38-69%
psychopathy more severe
sociopathy less severe
top 3 careers: CEO, lawyers, media people
need both behavioural impulsivity and affective empathy
43% were reimprisoned over 13 years
78% of that total violent reoffending
hare - measure galvanic skin response as indictor of fear, shock electrodes show numbers 1-12 and say shock will be inflicted on 8
1-8 change in GSR greater for low Pd group
8-12 no difference between groups
psychopathic individuals react later and to a lesser degree to impending punishment than non-psychopaths
don't learn but can if rewarded with money
violence inhibition mechanism
distress cues activate the violence inhibition mechanism
leads to withdrawal/inhibition of behavior
arousal cognitively interpreted as guilt, remorse
basis of real empathy and sympathy
VIM important for moral behaviour
camras - kids changes behaviour when faced with other childs sad expression
fallons own brain
gene monamine oxidase enzyme linked to increase violence
ventromedial prefrontal cortex = impaired impulse control
corpus callosum = connectivity
hippocampus = retrieval of emotional memories
superior temporal gyrus = impaired processing of abstract material, lack of perspective awareness and empathy
compared to williams syndrome
ToM
family
characteristics
triad features
non-triad features
only 20% of autistic kids passed a false belief task
hypo-or-hyper reactivity response to sounds, smells
williams kids more emotive, descriptive
lack of central coherence
advantage when need to see things as individual
better at triangle task
meaningless sounds
disadvantage when need to see things as a whole
disambiguation of homographs
social-emotional reciprocity - holding convo
savant ability about 1 in 10 and usually, music, calculation, drawing
more likely if family member is autisitc
twins
incidence higher in MZ than DZ
if one isn't autistic they have atypical social behaviour and language anyway
more likely that their grandad was an engineer
father performs faster at blocking tasks
non-verbal communication - eye contact, facial expressions
relationships
insistence on sameness (inflexible routines)
restricted interests
stereotyped behaviour (repeated movements)
spiky IQ profile - excel on some tasks
parts of brain that fade
studies
causes of autism
genetic component
more common in males
50x more common in siblings of person with autism
100 genes thought to be involved with different mutations potentially in similar autistic behaviours
brain shtuff
brain areas involved
limbic system
amygdala
hippocampus
low birth weight babies with enlarged ventricles = reduced white matter
cerebellum
frontal overgrowth of neurons: irregular connectivity - brain too big, too many cells
higher rates of social and communication deficits and stereotyped behaviours found in relatives
autstic people = 64% havea first degree relative with a major depressive disorder 39% with social phobia
dont see illusions
she has a pink bow vs. he took a deep bow
pattern rac, pit, rac, pit or random rat, pic, pic = normal kids better at pattern, no difference with random
gray matter starts declining at age 20 and white matter in 40s/50s
young and old adults had to match emotional and non-emotional tings
young adults better at matching of emotional
no difference for the non-emotional
behaviour
looks at eyes just as much as young adults
9 images and one different - happy, sad, angry
easier to point out angry than sad or happy
old adults more difficult labelling but respond quicker
volume reduction in frontal and temporal areas
old adults with normal vision, intact and crityalised IQ but young adults showed better recognition of emotion in videos and photos
basal ganglia
orbitofrontal cortex
amygdala
anterior cingulate cortex
worse recognition of face anger sad
disgust recognition
anger recognition
sadness anger recognition
amygdala, superior temporal sulcus and orbitofrontal cortex control eye gaze
because of decline in these areas, might not receive information from eyes
detecting a faux pas
study of detecting faux pas in david brent
young differentiate faux pas and non faux pas better than old
verbosity and emotion recognition
are old more verbose because they can't detect emotion cues in others
young males, females and old females emotion recognition and verbosity not related
older males had correlation
unconcious route for anger detection
conscious route for anger detection
declines
amygdala through visual cortex, anterior cingulate cortex and orbitofrontal cortex
intact
amygdala through sueprior colliculus and pulvinar nucleus of thalamus
half adults given oxytocin or placebo intra-nasally
older mens emotion recognition significantly better in oxytocin group vs. placebo
social brain hypothesis
older adults worse recognising emotions
amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, cingulate cortex
older adults impaired in recognising threat in faces
amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex
older adults do not look longer at eyes than mouth as do young adults
amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, superior temporal sulcus
difficulting recognising boredom cues or faux pas
orbitofrontal cortex
difficulties recognising emotion
decline in neurotransmitters
processing of emotion through sub-cortical route intact
fronto-temporal dementia where these brains areas atrophy and persons emotions blunted and impulsive
factors to resist old age decline
estrogen
social networks
diet
exercise
limit alcohol
cognitive stimulation
blood pressure
hormone replacement could result in less cogntive decline
integration with family/community
keep mind active - learn new things
mediterrainian diet
cognitive level is inversely proportional to their blood pressure
reduces cognitive decline increasing lifespan by 7-10 years
neurotransmitters
propranolol reduces activation in amygdala
serotonin, noradrenaline, dopamine in emotion processing areas
babies dont show empathy, show happy when hear laughing but not too much else