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third module - Coggle Diagram

- - - - at least18
      - exhibit 3 or more of deceitfulness, failure to conform, impulsivity, irritable, disregard of safety, irresponsible, lack of remorse
      - evidence of conduct disorder typically with onset before 15
    - - need more than 16
      - need both behavioural impulsivity and affective empathy
  - - - treatment not crafted for psychopaths
        
        sexual assulaters who underwent training still 3% and 5% for violent higher than non psychotic sex offenders
      - have a 3% higher reoffending rate and a 4% higher violent reoffending rate
      - NZ study picked random 200 parole convicts - 34% were psychopathic scored higher than 18 on PCL
        
        43% were reimprisoned over 13 years
        
        78% of that total violent reoffending
      - reoffend bc lack of fear for punishment, lack of empathy, more impulsive
        
        hare - measure galvanic skin response as indictor of fear, shock electrodes show numbers 1-12 and say shock will be inflicted on 8
        
        1-8 change in GSR greater for low Pd group
        
        8-12 no difference between groups
        
        psychopathic individuals react later and to a lesser degree to impending punishment than non-psychopaths
  - - - good at :
        
        memory
        
        could explain false belief of blue army example
      - bad at :
        
        understanding others mental state
        
        feeling emotion (guilt, sad)
        
        no moral conventional distinction
        
        don't learn but can if rewarded with money
  - - - camras - kids changes behaviour when faced with other childs sad expression
- - - - false belief transfer task
        
        kid with chocolate put it in green cupboard mum moves it to the blue one. child has to know that the kid will think its still in the green
        
        baka tribe - those under 5 failed
  - - - structured - told to help, younger sibling still directs more to older sibling
      - unstructured - not told explicitly to help younger sibling build car. younger sibling still directs more to older sibling
    - - older siblings facilitate false belief through assistance, pretence, talk
      - give younger sibling someone to communicate with and imitate
    - - get sole attention of parents
      - witness more adult conversation
  - - - social referencing - understanding emotions
      - pointing and following gaze
        
        protoimperative - point wanting someone to grab and
        
        protodeclarative - pointing with no apparent desire for an object
    - - desire - link happiness
        
        child wants rabbit gets rabbit vs child wants dog gets rabbit. can identify which child would be more happy
      - know people act according to their desires
    - - people act according to their beliefs
  - - - 11 are helpers = distressed but help
      - 7 blocked = distressed and enlist mum or help after 2.5mins
      - 10 confused - distressed but no help
      - 8 unconcerned - not distressed and no help
    - - when adults look at crying more sad than happy
      - positive looking at white noise
      - babies dont show empathy, show happy when hear laughing but not too much else
- - - - basal ganglia
        
        disgust recognition
      - orbitofrontal cortex
        
        anger recognition
      - amygdala
        
        sadness anger recognition
      - anterior cingulate cortex
        
        worse recognition of face anger sad
    - - propranolol reduces activation in amygdala
      - serotonin, noradrenaline, dopamine in emotion processing areas
  - - - young adults better at matching of emotional
      - no difference for the non-emotional
    - - easier to point out angry than sad or happy
      - old adults more difficult labelling but respond quicker
        
        unconcious route for anger detection
        
        intact
        
        amygdala through sueprior colliculus and pulvinar nucleus of thalamus
        
        conscious route for anger detection
        
        declines
        
        amygdala through visual cortex, anterior cingulate cortex and orbitofrontal cortex
    - - are old more verbose because they can't detect emotion cues in others
      - young males, females and old females emotion recognition and verbosity not related
      - older males had correlation
    - - older mens emotion recognition significantly better in oxytocin group vs. placebo
  - - - amygdala, superior temporal sulcus and orbitofrontal cortex control eye gaze
      - because of decline in these areas, might not receive information from eyes
    - - study of detecting faux pas in david brent
      - young differentiate faux pas and non faux pas better than old
  - - - amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, cingulate cortex
    - - amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex
    - - amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, superior temporal sulcus
    - - orbitofrontal cortex
    - - decline in neurotransmitters
  - - - hormone replacement could result in less cogntive decline
    - - integration with family/community
    - - mediterrainian diet
    - - reduces cognitive decline increasing lifespan by 7-10 years
    - - keep mind active - learn new things
    - - cognitive level is inversely proportional to their blood pressure
- - - - incidence higher in MZ than DZ
      - if one isn't autistic they have atypical social behaviour and language anyway
  - - - social-emotional reciprocity - holding convo
      - non-verbal communication - eye contact, facial expressions
      - relationships
    - - hypo-or-hyper reactivity response to sounds, smells
      - insistence on sameness (inflexible routines)
      - restricted interests
      - stereotyped behaviour (repeated movements)
    - - advantage when need to see things as individual
        
        better at triangle task
        
        meaningless sounds
        
        pattern rac, pit, rac, pit or random rat, pic, pic = normal kids better at pattern, no difference with random
      - disadvantage when need to see things as a whole
        
        disambiguation of homographs
        
        she has a pink bow vs. he took a deep bow
      - dont see illusions
    - - spiky IQ profile - excel on some tasks
  - - - more common in males
      - 50x more common in siblings of person with autism
      - 100 genes thought to be involved with different mutations potentially in similar autistic behaviours
    - - brain areas involved
        
        limbic system
        
        amygdala
        
        hippocampus
        
        cerebellum
      - low birth weight babies with enlarged ventricles = reduced white matter
      - frontal overgrowth of neurons: irregular connectivity - brain too big, too many cells
- - - - bonobos - sharers of food
      - chimpanzees eat alone, are more aggressive - occupied different side of river to bonobos over 1 million years ago
    - - study of gorilla or thing who collects stones in morning when calm to throw later on when people come through and are aggravated
        does not do this in off season
        
        shows pre planning of a future mental state
      - chimpanzees when chased by human - go behind a tree to have something in between them and their oppressor
    - - no strong language - need language for theory of mind
      - do not point to objects to share attention
      - do not hold up objects for others to see and share
      - do not actively give or offer objects to other individuals
      - do not teach one another
      - engage in simple cooperation that does not require deep understanding of others
    - - chimps exchange meat for sex. males who are more sharing , more likely to get laid
    - - eye gaze
        
        important in friendly social relations
        
        aggression and reconcillatory periods following aggresions
        
        chimps more drawn to those who make direct eye contact
    - - clear dominance heierarchies are sensitive to recent interactions in shifting alliances
      - act in ways to facilitate alliances and gain favour
  - - - puppies very young accept humans of same species
      - show anxiety in strange situation
      - demonstrate object permanence
      - show emotional contagion
    - - produces significant amount of cortisol in response to sound of baby crying
        
        shows distress and empathy?
        
        also showed similar cortisol for white noise
        
        so further research was done to determine whether the baby crying was in response to empathy
      - dogs and infants have photos of angry sad and happy expressions
        
        both look more at angry and happy rather than sad
      - dogs will follow gestures and eye gaze of humans to go towards food
        
        pointing, bowing, nodding = easy,
        head turning, glancing = harder
      - call et al 2003 - study where told eat/don't eat and owner is in or out of the room
        
        doesnt eat when told not to while owner stays in the room
        
        however eats it when told not to if the owner leaves
        
        so could this just be theory of behaviour of whether the owner is present or not
      - albuquerque et al 2016 have to facial and vocal expressions on both dogs and humans
        
        dogs good at matching both dog and humans vocal and facial expressions
    - - understand human expression but not necessarily the deeper feeling
      - may not clearly distinguish self vs other
      - again no good langauge so will never be able to make distinctions
  - - - 2/3 of goats used touching/tapping cue
      - 1/3 use pointing cue
      - 4/23 goats had experience with humans other than feeding
      - goats don't use gaze