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Feminism - Coggle Diagram
Feminism
Walby
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Paid employment: women face discrimination from employers and restricted access to careers (horizontal and vertical segregation) with low pay and status.
The household: women are exploited in the family and take primary responsibility for housework and childcare even if they are working in full time employment.
The state: this acts in the interests of men rather than women in terms of taxation, welfare rules, weakness of laws protecting women- CJS treatment- Walklate (2004) believes that, in effect, it is the female victim rather than the male suspect who ends up on trial.
The media: represent women in a narrow set of roles, like sex objects or mothers and housewives.
Sexuality: double standard applied to men and women. Men are applauded for having many sexual partners while women are condemned for the same behaviour.
Violence against women: Violence, threat and sexual assault are used by men to control women. Radford (1996) argues sexual violence often involves a power dynamic and even if violence isn't exerted, the threat of violence is always there and women are not always taken seriously as sexual harassment complaints are brushed off.
Gender transformations (1997)- though things are changing and young women are getting better educational qualifications, well qualified women still find it difficult to reach higher positions due to vertical segregation.
Argues patriarchy has evolved from 'private patriarchy' to 'public patriarchy' as more women are entering the workplace and the public but are experiencing more public forms of discrimination than in the home.
Types of feminism
Liberal feminism- believe in the ability of individuals to make changes through legal reforms and changing social attitudes. They argue for equal rights and opportunities and promote introduction of policies to tackle gender discrimination, such as equal pay.
Radical feminism- argue it is the patriarchy, where men hold power, that is the root of gender inequality. They believe irradicating patriarchy requires revolutionary changes to existing social structures.
Marxist feminism- point out role of capitalism in perpetuating gender inequality and see women's oppression as a by product of the economic system. They propose radical transformation of the economic system.
Intersectional feminism- highlight that women experience different levels of oppression based on various aspects of their identity like race, class and sexuality. They suggest understanding women's experience through interlocking systems of oppression rather than gender as a standalone category.
Radical feminism
Abbott and Wallace (2005)- early sociological theories ignore or distort the experience of women and fail to acknowledge that women are subordinated to men and how this affects their position in the social structure.
Delphy and Leonard (1992)- the family is a patriarchal institution where women do the most work and men get the most benefit as they dominate and exploit women.
Heaton and Lawson (1996)- hidden curriculum teaches patriarchal values in schools- gender divisions in sport, female teachers and male managers.
Heidensohn (1985)- argues women are controlled in the home, public and work. The constant monitoring of young children and domestic/ emotional responsibilities reduces opportunity for criminality and the same goes for not going out in public spaces at night due to fear of being attacked or raped (separate spheres for men and women). Women face intimidation at work in the form of sexual harassment, hierarchy and scrutiny
Tiano (1987)
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The integration thesis (results in liberation and sexual equality as women become more centrally involved in economic life).
The marginalisation thesis (with capitalist development, women become increasingly excluded from production roles and confined to private sphere of the home- becoming economically dependent on men).
The exploitation thesis (the creation of a low paid female labour force and are exploited as belong to a secondary labour force).
Marxist feminism
Benston (1972)- if housework was even paid minimum wage, it would damage the capitalist system hugely.
Dual system feminism- combines features of Marxist and radical feminism to suggest the abolishment of capitalism and patriarchy would improve the position of women in society.
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