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essay plan 1 - importance of carbohydrates - Coggle Diagram
essay plan 1 - importance of carbohydrates
Photosynthesis resulting in the formation of carbohydrates and glucose
3 - an unstable carbon compound is then formed , producing glycerite phosphate
4 - hydrolysis of ATP provides energy
2 - RuBP then will combine with the ribose sugar to form ribulose bisphosphate
Triose phosphate is then produced
1 - carbon dioxide enters the leaf through the stomata
Structural importance of cellulose
Respiration
transport of sucrose in the phloem
step 2
1 - at the sink , solutes are then removed from the phloem to be used up
2 - this will then increase the water potential inside the sieve tube
3 - this will increase the water potential and water will leave by osmosis
1 - a pressure gradient is produced
step 1
2 - this will then lower the water potential inside the sieve tubes , causing water to enter from the phloem by osmosis.
3 - this will create higher pressure inside the sieve tubes at one end of the phloem
1 -sucrose from photosynthesis will travel by active transport from companion cells into the sieve tubes.
Energy sources form glucose , fructose and galactose
Diasachhorides and condensation reactions
structure
Highly branched
Polymer of glucose
polymer of alpha glucose
Insoluble so does not affect water potential
helix
Glucose , fructose and galactose
DNA and RNA
2 - Ribonucleic acid is simular to DNA
DNA and RNA are long polynucleotide strands
1 - DA contains a pentose deoxyribose sugar
Transcription
4 - RNA lines up free nucleotides along the exposed bases which leads to complementary base pairing.
5 - Once the nucleotides have lined up with their specific bases , they will be joined by RNA polymerase.
3 - One strand will act as a template used to make a mRNA copy
6 - RNA will move along the DNA , separating the strands and they will then assemble.
2 - hydrogen bonds between DNA strands will break , separating the separate strands.
7 - Stop signal
1 - RNA polymerase will attach to an enzyme
Translation
when this happen a lot , peptide bonds will form between the amino acids , forming a polypide chain.
3 - a second tRNA molecule will then attach itself to next to the codon.
2 - tRNA molecule will carry the amino acid with an anticodon that's complementary and attach it to a specific base.
1 - mRNA will attach to ribosome and then transferee RNA.
Homeostasis
Low levels of insulin
1 - Insulin binds to a specific receptor on the cell wall of the liver cell
2 - this increases the permeability of the muscle cell membrane to glucose , so that more glucose is taken up via channel proteins.
3 - Insulin also activates the liver to convert glucose to glycogen
4 - the cells are then able to store glycogen in the cytoplasm
5 - insulin will also increase the rate of respiration of glucose
High levels of insulin
3 - glycogen is broken down during the process of glycogenolysis
4 - glucose will then activate enzymes that are involved in the formation of glycose form glycerol.
2 - the glycogen will then activate enzymes in the liver to begin the breakdown of glycogen into glucose
5 - the process of forming glucose from non carbohydrates is called gluconeogenesis.
1 - glucagon will bind to a specific receptor on the cell wall membrane of the liver cells
6 - Glycogen will decrease the reate of respiration of glucose in cells