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English Humanities S2 Final Review - Coggle Diagram
English Humanities S2 Final Review
The Americas in the 1400s
Geographical
-It is long across north and south
-giving it
great abundance of geographical features
geographical diversity
The people
AP 原文 及解析
1.The spread of maize cultivation from present-day Mexico northward into the present-day American Southwest and beyond supported economic development, settlement, advanced irrigation, and social diversification among societies.
The Maize played a crucial role in terms of agricultural developments, and would eventually connect tribes together, just like in the other ancient worlds.
2.Societies responded to the aridity of the Great Basin and the grasslands of the western Great Plains by developing largely mobile lifestyles.
Tribes in the great plains mainly went on a hunt and gathering lifestyle. They would prefer to follow flocks and herds of animals. It is also important to note that water resource is limited in the area, so people will have to move frequently
3.In the Northeast, the Mississippi River Valley, and along the Atlantic seaboard, some societies developed mixed agricultural and hunger-gatherer economies that favored the development of permanent villages.
Water resources are present (the Mississippi River), so people stayed at one place and settled down to create housing and villages. Hunting and Agriculture are both applied by the villagers
4.Societies in the Northwest and present- day California supported themselves by hunting and gathering, and in some areas developed settled communities supported by the vast resources of the ocean.
The ocean provided abundant resources, so the people here easily settles down and does not rely too much on agriculture.
Central America & South America
Incas
Diplomacy and open policies led to controllable and loyal states
Mountain Empire
in the Andes Mountains
Incan Road System(Public Work)
Easy Movement of troops
Fast message transport from one end to another
The quipu
Knotted system for record keeping
They have NO writing system
Mayas
Nah, they're a bit unknown to us
Aztecs
The Aztec Empire was born in central Mexico around 1200ad, by 1500 ad, they controlled land of an estimated 80,000 square miles
The military
The Aztec Empire was based strongly on
military conquest
Military leaders make up the noble class
Noble->Commoner->Slaves
The religion
Hundreds of temples rose in the Aztecs' Capital
Their Calendar was full of religious ceremonies and practices
HUMAN SACRIFICES
The Ultimate Combination of Religion and Military Conquest
The cruelty of the Aztec Empire
According to Aztec belief, the Sun God needs human blood so that he can defeat the forces of evil hidden darkness and make the sun rise
-Enslaved person, Criminal...
Most Popular? Prisoners of war
They even developed TACTICS and started wars just to
capture prisoners for the sacrifice
Early Exploration
!!!
Five Reasons for Exploration
!!!
1.
National Rivalry
Classic ones: 1.England&France after the Hundred Years War 2. Portugal&Spain on the same penninsula
2.
Seek New Trade Routes
Connection to the east controlled by the Islamic World
3.
National Glory
Decrease in church authority->Increase in National Thoughts
4.
Increased wealth
Market Revolution->More MONEY and More FREE MONEY
5.
Spread Christianity
Yep they still believe in christianity. Increase power in the monarchs and decrease power in the church, but power and religion are two different concepts.
All the reformation and stuff like that, they believed that christianity is not corrupt (they followed the Bible). They believed that the Church is too corrupt and misleading.
Portugal
:The First European Country to expand oversea
WHY
Geographically
Surrounded by 1.C or WA-AH, or, in a more formal way, H2O in the Atlantic Ocean 2.Good Neighbour Spain
On the very west of Europe
WHO
Prince Henry
First European monarch to sponsor seafaring expeditions
Portugal Began importing slaves by sea
In search for a route to the east and African GOLD
"The Navigator"
Bartholomew Diaz
Sailed around the tip of Africa in 1488
Returned instead of going more east
Vasco Da Gama
Sailed farther east than Diaz
Went to India and claimed territory in 1498
Portuguese ports in India later became crucial to Portugal's expansion around the Indian Ocean
HOW
Portugal is a
small
country
Trading Post Empire
Instead of controlling large areas of territory, they created small outposts aiming to control the trading of spices
Allows them to restrict other countries' trading in Indian Ocean
Down Fall in the 17th Century
Though Portugal managed to create a trade empire lasting for decades, Portugal was still a SMALL country.
Merchants worked and traded independently, as the nation lacks the necessary resources (workers and ships) for a consistent trading empire.
by the 17th century, the British and the Dutch challenged the empire
Plantation System
Created by Portugal in Africa
Eventually, the system will move to America and turn into SLAVERY
Spain
WHY
Main competitor of Portugal
HOW
Commissioned a young man rejected by Portugal
(His Name is Christopher Columbus, by the way)
Goes WEST to the Americas
Main power in America for hundreds of years
Christopher Columbus
Believes that he can reach India by going west
Believes that the earth is a globe
Rejected by portugal
Finds America in 1492
He believed that what he found was "India" for the rest of his life
Primary Source
Columbus' Diary
Encomienda System
Hierarchy System
Social Classes
(Based on race)
Conflict Between Portugal and Spain
Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
Spain and Portugal finds the pope to solve their conflict
Sets a line 320 miles west of the Cape Verde Islands
Land to the east belongs to Portugal
Land to the west belongs to Spain
Treaty of Zaragoza
An antimeridian line to the one in 1494
Technological Innovations
Astrolabe
Invented by the Greeks, though mastered by the Islamic World
Measure the incline of celestial bodies(天体) to calculate the location
Wind Patterns
Understanding which way the wind will blow
e.g The Portugueses going around africa
Advancements in Shipmaking(大概率不会细考）
Carrack
记忆法: Barrack 军营
REALLY BIG BOAT
Fluyt
记忆法: Flute
Small crew but efficient and fast
Caravel
Sails INTO the wind
Lateen Sails
Sails into the wind by
tacking
Star Charts and Compass
重点！！！
it WAS impossible for Europeans to make these voyages until now
Islamic Inputs: Astrolabe and wind charts
Made Colonialism and Europeans empire possible to be born
New and more trade networks around the globe
The fall of the American Empires
The Aztecs
In 1519, Hernando Cortés landed in Mexico
He only took 2 years and conquered the Aztecs in 1521
The Aztecs were cruel to the other natives, so they rebelled and joined the Spanish troops (note that the Spanish are even more cruel)
Even though Cortés had only roughly 600 men, their muskets and cannons are dominant in the war
Malinche
People argued upon her. Helper to the cruel Spain, or the saver of natives?
Guided the Spanish troops through the empire
Helped to communicate between Spanish and other natives
Key Idea: Lured by rumors of gold and silver, conquistadors came to the Americas and colonized the place
Diseases
The Natives had No resistance in front of the diseases from the old world
Smallpox, measles, malaria and diseases brought by the colonists killed over 90% of the Americas' native population
The Incas
1532, Conquistador
Francisco Pizarro
marched 200 men into the land of the Incas and met the Incan Ruler,
Atahualpa
The Spanish troops ambushed the 30,000 mostly unarmed Incan soldiers by capturing Atahualpa
The King offered to fill a room once with gold and twice with silver, but the Spanish troops still strangled him.
Pizarro then captured the Incan Capital, Cuzco, in 1533
The Columbian Exchange
Definition: The new connections between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres resulted in the exchange of new plants, animals, and diseases, known as the Columbian Exchange.
Old->New: Transfer of diseases (Mosquitos and Rats) vectors and spread of diseases lead to a major drop in native populations
New->Old:
"Stable Crops". Crops that can be used for a primary food source (potatoes!!!)
"Cash Crops" Crops that are grown in the Americas to make money like tobacco. It is followed with coerced labor used to grow them
Overall:
New world: Livestock with diseases on them lead to a population
