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BIOLOGY, CH 9-12 CONCEPT MAP - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Alleles of different genes assort independently of one another during the formation of gametes
    - - Genes/Alleles
        
        Heterozygous
        
        Dominant
        
        Recessive
        
        Incomplete Dominance
        
        Homozygous
        
        Sex Linked
        
        Control traits not related to sex
        
        Color blindness
        
        Haemophilia
        
        DMD
        
        X-Linked Ichthyosis
        
        Fragile X Syndrome
        
        Genotype
        
        Phenotype
        
        Polygenic inheritance
        
        Pleiotropy
        
        Example: Sickle Cell Disease
    - - During the formation of gametes, the two alleles for a gene separate, or segregate from each other so that gamete carries only one allele for each gene
- - - - Transcription
        
        Initiation
        
        Elongation
        
        Termination
        
        Processing
      - DNA
        
        Double stranded helix
        
        store genetic information
        
        Development
        
        Functioning
        
        Reproduction of Life
      - Codons
        
        mRNA
        
        RNA bases
        
        Adenine
        
        Uracil
        
        cytosine
        
        Guanine
        
        Stop codons
        
        UAA
        
        UAG
        
        UGA
        
        Essential for translating genetic information
        
        Anticodons
        
        Ensure the correct amono acid added to growing polypeptides
        
        Complementary to specific mRNA
        
        Ensure the correct amono acids is incorporated into protein
      - RNA
        
        Single stranded
        
        mRNA
        
        Carry genetic material from DNA to ribosomes
        
        tRNA
        
        Transfer Amino to ribosome for protein synthesis
        
        Ribosomal
        
        catalyze assembly of amino acids into proteins
      - Amino Acids
- - - - Mutation
        
        Smoking
        
        Radiations
        
        Viruses
      - Oncogens
      - Tumor Suppressor Genes
      - DNA Repair Genes
    - - Proto-oncogen
      - Repressor
      - Cancer
      - Inducer
      - X-inactivation
      - Transcription factors
      - Alternative splicing
    - - Gene Expression
        
        Transcription
        
        Initiation
        
        Elongation
        
        Teremination
        
        Processing
        
        Capping
        
        RNA Processing
        
        Capping
        
        Polydenylation
        
        Splicing
        
        Introns (non-coding regions) removed from Pre-mRNATranscript
        
        Exons (coding regions) are joined together
        
        RNA Editing
        
        Transport
        
        Translation
        
        Initiation
        
        Elongation
        
        Termination
        
        Post-Translation
        
        Protein folding and modification
        
        Regulation
- - - - Genome Sequencing
        
        Genetic Information
      - Comparative Genomics
        
        Evolutionary Relationships
        
        Gene functions
      - Genomic Medicine
        
        Treatment of Diseases
        
        Diagnosis of diseases
      - Functional Genomics
        
        Genes Expression
        
        Gene interactions
    - - Contain genes from another Organism
        
        Agriculture Use: Pests, Herbicides
        
        Medicinal use
    - - Recombinant DNA
        
        Isolation of DNA
        
        Extract from source Organism
        
        Cutting DNA
        
        Restriction Enzyme
        
        Joining of DNA
        
        DNA Ligase
        
        Insertion into the host
        
        Vectors
        
        Plasmids
      - Gene Cloning
        
        copies of DNA segments
      - CRISPR-Cas9
        
        Editing genes to correct genetic disorders
      - Polymerase Chain Reaction
        
        Make millions of DNA for research and Forensics of disease
        
        diagnosis
    - - Genetically Modified Organism
        
        Increased food production
        
        Insulin production
        
        Bt corn production
        
        Research