We studied the change in dry grassland vegetation over the past 25 years.

We compiled 314 plots in Brandenburg, Germany.

Plot species richness did not change over time.

Species composition changed, with typical dry grassland species decreasing.

Atmospheric nitrogen deposition did not show clear effects on the vegetation.

oak forest without grazing - was managed with sheep - далі abondont - і сукцесія
на щастя, є протект ареас

Post-abandonment successionsoils in the precipitation-poor climate. However, already in the 1980s, was slow on the shallow acidicbecame clear that some of these grassland sites were being over-grown by shrubs and trees, while in others, competitive grasses suchas Arrhenatherum elatius and Calamagrostis epigejos were spreadingChytrý, 1990; Fiala et al., 2004; Holub et al., 2012). Fortunately,many of these grassland sites have been designated as protectedareas, and conservation management through grazing or mowinghas been implemented, especially since the 1990s. However, man-agement practices, frequency and intensity have varied considerably

The aim oft he first survey was to establish a phytosociological classification of vegetation (Chytrý, 1990; Chytrý et al., 1997). We selected records from 117 plots sampled in acidic dry grasslands and heathlands onformer pastures in agricultural landscapes

СТИЛЬ МОВИ ОДИН: чи від першої особи чи від ми.. науковці...

Differences in unweighted mean Ellenberg-type indicator val-ues between paired old and new plots were tested using repeated-measures ANOVA (‘aov’ function in the R package stats). Thesignificance of the F-value was determined with the max permuta-tion test using the R package weimea v0.1.18 (Zelený, 2018). Thistest first permutes time within plots (“row-based permutation test”according to Zelený, 2018), and then it permutes indicator valuesamong species before calculating mean indicator values for plots(‘column-based permutation test’, identical to the “modified per-mutation test” of Zelený & Schaffers, 2012). The column-basedpermutation test is necessary to remove the inherent relationshipbetween mean indicator values and community composition. Thelarger p-value from the row-based and column-based tests was considered the resulting significance. For both tests, 999 permu-tations were used.

The p-values for the variables were based on 999 random permutations, only those variables are displayed in the ordination diagram that had p < 0.001.