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By: Sunny Zhu, Eng Hum Y8 Q1+Q2+Q3+Q4 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Encomienda: system that enforced native Americans to work. However, most of them managed to escape
      - Indentured servitude: European immigrators must enter a form of service (work) for 7 years to pay off their voyage. After that they were completely free.
      - Chattel slavery: enslaved people were treated as properties. They were forced to farm, forced to reproduce more slaves and transported using a crowded and filthy slave ship. This is dehumanizing
    - - Africa->America: slaves for raw materials
      - Europe->Africa: manufacture products for gold :moneybag:
      - Europe->America: manufacture products for gold :moneybag:
      - America->Europe: raw materials for manufacture products
  - - - It maintain a monopoly and prevents competition.
      - The mother country gains raw material, while the colonies became market for manufacture goods
  - - - Portugal
        
        the 1st to start exploring Africa & starting plantation and slavery system
        
        Treaty of Tordesillas 1494 AD
        
        Splitting the world to two. Portugal owns Africa and Brazil, while Spain owns most of America
        
        Before Columbus discover America, it's favorable towards Portugal
      - Spain
        
        Christopher Columbus accidentally discovered America in 1492 AD
        
        used an encomienda system and hierarchy based on race to force indigenous people to participate in unpaid labour
        
        conquer
        
        Pizzaro conquered Inca in 1532 AD with a surprise attack
        
        Cortes conquered the Aztec in 1521 AD within 2 yeas
        
        The Spaniards have arms and horses, while the native Americans suffered from diseases
    - - Definition: exchange between the old World and new world / Europe and America
      - old world->new world: diseases and disease vectors, causing significant drop in native people's population
      - new world->old world: new plants, categorized into stable crop (for food) and cash crop (for money)
      - As a result, Europeans have a better food diversity and nutrition, which increases their interest in exploring America. The native Americans lost 90 percent of their population, which makes them vulnerable to further invasions.
    - - simply interested in trade and business
      - started trade company VOC
    - - many families arrived to the new world for social mobility,
        improved living conditions, and religious freedom
      - focus on agriculture and took lands from Native Americans
    - - National rivalries
      - seek for new trade routes and gold
      - spread christianity
- - - - population shift
      - disruption of trade
      - downfall of cities
    - - families left to rural areas
      - only priests read and write; germanic people do not have read or write skills
  - - - centralized power in the conquered lands
      - encouraged learning and spread schools
      - joined the Germanic power, the Church, and the heritage of the Roman Empire