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Psychology, Groupthink, Somatic nervous system, anorexia nervosa, bulimia…
Psychology
Psychological disorders
Co-morditiy
the co occurrence of two disorders
diathesis-stress model
uses biological and psychosocial factors to predict the likelihood of a disorder
Classification systems
the International Classification of Diseases
used to examine the health of populations and to monitor the prevalence of diseases and other health problems
Social anxiety disorder
fear or anxiety and avoidance of social situations where a person could potentially be evaluated negatively by others
safety behaviors
or behavioral acts that reduce anxiety in social situations by reducing the chance of negative social outcomes.
Behavioral inhibition
tendency to show fear and restraint when presented with unfamiliar people or situations
Panic disorder
experience recurrent and unexpected panic attacks, worry over the consequences of the attacks, or self-defeating changes in behavior related to the attacks
A panic attack
a period of extreme fear or discomfort that develops abruptly and reaches a peak within 10 minutes
accelerated heart rate, sweating, trembling, choking sensations, hot flashes or chills, dizziness or lightheadedness, fears of losing control or going crazy, and fears of dying
Brain
Locus coeruleus
a neurotransmitter that triggers the body’s fight-or-flight response
believed to play a role in this disorder
orbitofrontal cortex
believed to play a critical role in OCD is
People with depression show elevated amygdala activity
People with mood disorders often have imbalances in certain neurotransmitters: norepinephrine and serotonin
dopamine hypothesis
proposed that an overabundance of dopamine or too many dopamine receptors are responsible for the onset and maintenance of schizophrenia
enlarged ventricles
suggests that various brain regions are reduced in size, implying that schizophrenia is associated with a loss of brain tissue
People with ADHD show less dopamine activity in key regions of the brain,which provides support to the theory that dopamine deficits may be a vital factor in the development this disorder
Generalied anxiety disorder
a continuous state of excessive, uncontrollable, and pointless worry and apprehension
generalized anxiety disorder appears to increase the risk for heart attacks and strokes, especially in people with preexisting heart conditions
one longitudinal study found that childhood maltreatment was strongly related to the development of this disorder during adulthood
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
experience thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts
Compulsions
repetitive and ritualistic acts, to minimize the distress that obsessions trigger or to reduce the likelihood of a feared event
Obsessions
intrusive and unwanted thoughts and urges
Body dysmorphic disorder
a perceived flaw in physical appearance that is either nonexistent or barely noticeable to other people
hoarding disorder
cannot bear to part with personal belongings, regardless of how useless these possessions are
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
flashbacks, avoidance of stimuli connected to the event, persistently negative emotional states, feelings of detachment from others, irritability, proneness toward outbursts, and jumpiness
For PTSD to be diagnosed, these symptoms must occur for at least one month
flashbacks
states that can last from a few seconds to several days, where an individual relives the event and behaves as if the event were occurring at that moment
Mood disorders
severe disturbances in mood and emotion, most often depression, mania and elation
Major depressive disorder
no longer show interest or enjoyment in activities that previously were gratifying, such as hobbies, sports, sex, social events, or time spent with family
bipolar disorder
experiences mood states that vacillate between depression and mania
Mania
a state of extreme elation and agitation. people may become extremely talkative, behave recklessly, or attempt to take on many tasks simultaneously
Schizophrenia
major disturbances in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior
hallucination
a perceptual experience that occurs in the absence of external stimulation
Auditory hallucinations
hearing voices
Auditory hallucinations
seeing things that are not there
olfactory hallucinations
smelling odors that aren't present
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
fidgety, restless, socially disruptive, and have trouble with impulse control, short attention spans, problems with concentration, and distractibility
Pyschologists
Sleep
Rosalind cartwright
dreams effect events that are important to dreamer
latent content
Carl jung
collective unconsciousness
theoretical repository of information shared by everyone
manifest contest
actual dream content
Childhood development
B. F. Skinner
classical conditioning
believed that behavior is solely motivated on the consequences we recieve for that behavior
Sigmund Freud
Psychosexual stages of development
childrens pleasure seeking urges ae focused on different areas of the body called erogenous zones
considered the reasons for behavior to be hidden in the unconscious
founder of Psychoanalysis
Erik Erikson
psychosocial stages of development
social nature of devlopment
Lev Vygotsky
Sociocultural theory
awareness of circumstances surrounding individuals and how their behaviors are affected specifically by their surrounding, social and cultural factors.
Jean Piaget
childhood growth
cognitive development
sensorimotor
pre operational
concrete operational
formal operational
11-12
7-11 years
2-6 years
0-2 years
Intelligence
Allan Wagner
Rescola Wagner model
developed a mathematical formula that is used to calculate the probability that an association would be learned given the ability of a CS to predict the occurrence of an UCS
Charles Spearman
believed that intelligence consisted of one general factor called "g" which could be measured and compared among individuals
Raymond Mattel
proposed a theory that intelligence is split into two components
Crystallized intelligence
acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it
Fluid intelligence
the ability to see complex situations and solve problems
Robert Sternberg
triarchic theory of intelligence
Practical
"street smarts", finding solutions that apply to your day-to-day
Analytical
academic problem solving, ability to evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast
Creative
inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation
Howard gardener
multiple intelligences theory
linguistic
logical-mathematical
musical
bodily kinesthetic
spatial
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physical abilities to interact with surroundings
ability to comprehend and produce lyrics, rhythms
ability to analyze situations/problems logically, and easily solve mathematical equations
ability to use language to express, and reason using words
Behavior
John B Watson
founder of behaviorism
believed that all behavior could be studied as a stimulus-response reaction w/o regard for internal processes
believed that in order for psychology to be considered a science it must shift away from internal mental processes and towards obversable behavior because that can be seen
Ivan pavlov
classical conditioning
by accident!
believed that behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior
Albert bandura
social learning theory
took cognitive processes into account
argued that motivation derives from expectations that we have about the consequences of our behaviors,
Robert Rescorla
demonstrated how powerfully an organism can learn to predict the UCS & CS
Edward Thorndike
law of effect
behaviors that are followed by consequences that are satisfying to an organism are more likely to be repeated and vice versa
Edward C tolman
in his experiments with rats he demonstrated that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement
thus conflicting Skinner, because it suggested a cognitive aspect to learning
Motivation
Abraham Maslow
Maslow hierarchy of needs
William James
Proposed several dozen human instincts and the behavior that was driven by those instincts
Robert Yerkes
discovered that the optimal arousal level depends on the complexity and difficulty of the task to be performed
John Dodson
Henry Murray
The need for affiliation encourages positive interactions with others, and the need for intimacy causes us to seek deep, meaningful relationships, and categorized them into domains
theorized that an individual’s sense of self-efficacy plays a pivotal role in motivating behavior
sexuality
Dr Alfred Kinsey
his work allowed people to openly engage in conversations about sexuality, never before has America seen sexual behavior become the focus of scientific scrutiny
William Masters
Virginia Johnson
observed over 10k people engaging in intercourse and divided the sexual response cycle into four phases
Dr John Money
believed that the way in which we are socialized in early life is ultimately much more important than our biology in determining our gender identity
emotion
Robert Zajonc
believed in gut feeling
Joseph LeDoux
his research into neuroscience's demonstrated the amygdala's primary role in fear
Paul Ekman
his research showed that despite different emotional display rules, our ability to recognize and produce facial expressions of emotion appears to be universal.
Social Psychology
Philip Zimbardo
The Stanford prison expirement
Leon Festinger
theory of cognitive dissonance
Soloman Asch
the Asch effect
conducted several experiments in the 1950s to determine how people are affected by the thoughts and behaviors of other people.
Stanley Milgram
designed an experiment to test Eichmanns defense that he was "just following orders"
Carl Hovland
Studied the conditions in which people tend to change their attitudes
Mental health treatment
Psychotherapy
a psychological treatment that employs various methods to help someone overcome personal problems, or to attain personal growth.
Biomedical therapy
involves medication and/or medical procedures to treat psychological disorders.
Psychodynamic psychotherapy
Talk therapy based on belief that the unconscious and childhood conflicts impact behavior
Play therapy
Psychoanalytical therapy wherein interaction with toys is used instead of talk; used in child therapy
Behavior therapy
Principles of learning applied to change undesirable behaviors
Cognitive therapy
Awareness of cognitive process helps patients eliminate thought patterns that lead to distress
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
Work to change cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors
Humanistic therapy
Increase self-awareness and acceptance through focus on conscious thoughts
Development
Physical development
growth and changes in the body and brain, the sense, motor skills, and health
Cognitive Development
learning, attention, memory, language, reasoning, and creativity
Psychosocial development
emotions, personality, and social relationships
Different approaches
Continuous
gradually improving on existing skills
Discountinous
development occurs at specific time or ages
Pyschosocial theory
Psychosexual thoery
childrens pleasure seeing urges are focused on different areas of the body
Social Psychology
The Asch effect
is the influence of the group majority on an individual’s judgment
social influence
normative
informative
Cogntive Dissonance
psychological discomfort arising from holding two or more inconsistent attitudes, behaviors, or cognitions
Persuasion
Yale attitude change approach
which describes the conditions under which people tend to change their attitudes.
attractiveness and credibility,The immediate and long term impact of the persuasion also depends, however, on the credibility of the messenger
Central route
logic driven and uses data and facts to convince people of an argument
Peripheral route
an indirect route that relies on association with positive characteristics such as positive emotions and celebrity endorsement
Foot-in-the-door technique
the persuader gets a person to agree to invest in something small only to later request a larger favor
Prejudice and discrimination persist in society due to social learning and conformity to social norms.
Agression
Hostile
motivated by intent to cause harm
instrumental
motivated by achieving a goal
Gestalt principles
Figure ground relationship
Separating our visual world into figure and ground.
Figure
Person or object
Ground
Background
Proximity
Things that are close together tend to be grouped together
Similarity
Things that are alike tend be grouped together
Continuity/good continuation
We are more likely to perceive continuous lines rather than jagged or crooked lines
Closure
We organize our perceptions into complete objects rather than separate objects
emotion
James-Lange theory
emotions arise form physiological arousal
Cannon-Bard theory
Physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously, yet idependantly
Cognitive-Meditational theory
our emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus
Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
emotions are composed of 2 factors: physiological & cognitive
Cultural display rule
is one of a collection of culturally specific standards that govern the types and frequencies of displays of emotion that are acceptable
The brain
Right hemisphere
Controls left side of body
Left hemisphere
Controls right side of body
Frontal lobe
Involved in reasononing, motor control, emotional and language
Motor cortex
Involved in planning and coordinating movement
Pre-frontal cortex
Involved in higher level cognitive functioning
Broca’s area
Language production
Temporal lobe
Hearing, memory, emotion, and some aspects of language
Sexuality
Kinsey's Scale
used to determine sexual orientation
amygdala and nucleus accumbens
damage to these cause decreased sexual motivation
sexual response cycle
excitement
plateau
orgasm
resolution
refractory period
period of time after orgasm where you are incapable of having another orgasm, time can vary from few minutes to a day
as you age, refractory period becomes longer
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return to an unaroused state
vagina contracts, ejaculation
vagina swells, penis secrets pre ejaculatory fluid
arousal phase
psychoexual neutrality
gender assignment is neutral at birth and we don't assign ourselves a gender until we master language
Hunger and eating
eating disorders
overweight
BMI 25-29.9
obese
BMI 30 or higher
severe obesity
BMI over 40, leads to serious health risks
Motivation
over justification effect
Intrinsic motivation the extrinsic motivation is given, this can lead to dependance on extrinsic rewards for motivation
drive theory
deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs, once you hav engaged in a behavior that successfully reduces drive, you are motivated to engage in that behavior
yerkes-dodson law
a simple task is performed best when arousal levels are high, and a complex task is done best when arousal levels are lower
Maslow hierarchy of needs
self-actualization
esteem
social
security
physiological
Sleep
Parasomnias
Sleepwalking
A series of unwanted motor activity during sleep
REM sleep behavior disorder
When muscle paralysis in REM phase does not occur, involves kicking punching, and screaming
Restless leg syndrome
Uncomfortable feeling in leg resolved by moving leg, therefore disrupting ability to fall asleep
Night terrors
Panic, screaming and attempts to escape the area
Insomnia
Consistent Difficulty staying or falling asleep
Dreams
Sigmund Freud
Theorized that dreams has symbolic meanings
Latent content
Hidden meaning of dream
Manifest content
Storyline of dream
Carl Jung
Theory that dreams were repository information shared by everyone
Collective unconsciousness
Rosalind Cartwright
Theorized that dreams were simply just dreams reflected life events that resonated deeply with the dreamer
Had empirical evidence to support claim
Nervous system
Periphal nervous system
Autonomic nervous system
controls our internal organs and glands and is considered involuntary
Sympathetic nervous system
Preparing for stress related activities
Parasympathetic nervous system
Returning the body to routine after getting out of stressful situation
Both maintain homeostasis
Central nervous system
Groupthink
Can be preventable
seeking outside opinions, voting in private, having the leader withhold position statements conducting research on all viewpoints, weighing the costs and benefits of all options, and developing a contingency plan
is the modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus
Somatic nervous system
Associated with conscious or voluntary activities
anorexia nervosa
maintenance of body weight by excessive excercise or starvation
body dismorphia
viewing yourself as overweight when you are not
bulimia nervosa
maintenance of weight by binge eating followed by purging through use of laxatives or vomiting
Dr. Robert Spitzer
Author of one of the most widely-cited examples of conversion therapy
bystander effect
a phenomenon where witnesses or bystanders don't volunteer to help a victim or person in distress. Instead, they just watch what is happening.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
used to diagnose psychological disorders, frequently being revised
symbolic meaning of dream
emphasizes on the social nature of development
asserted that some emotions occur separately from or prior to your cognitive interpretation of them