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Module 2: Lesson 4: Moving Materials, Left Ventricle, Right Ventricle -…
Module 2: Lesson 4: Moving Materials
Part-1:
How Plants Transport Materials?
Plants require water and nutrients that must move throughout the tissues of the plant.
They do this by the process of diffusion and osmosis.
Diffusion
is the net movement of molecules of a substance from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration.
Net movement means there are more molecules moving in one direction than in the opposite direction.
Osmosis
is the diffusion of a solvent through a differentially permeable membrane. In biological systems, the solvent will usually be water.
Plants have specialized tissues called
vascular tissues
that are composed of tubelike cells that transport water and nutrients.
Xylem
have thickened walls that not only provides water and nutrients, but they also provide support for a plant.
Water enters plants roots via xylem.
From there it flows inside the xylem to all parts of the plant.
The force that pulls the water up is called
transpiration
.
Phloem
carries the dissolved sugars though the plants from the leaves to the whole plant.
The sugar is made in leaves that enters the phloem and moves around to all parts of the plant via
translocation
.
Plants also need gases such as carbon dioxide and water and
gives out gases such as oxygen.
These move in and out of the plant
via small openings called
stomata
located in the epidermis (surface
layer) of the leaf.
Part-2:
Respiratory System
Humans breathe to take in oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide with the help of a system called
respiratory system
.
Respiration
is the transport of oxygen from outside the body to cells and tissues and the transport of wastes out of the body
The
respiratory system
is the group of organs that take in oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide
Parts
Bronchi
The trachea splits into two branches called bronchi, which connect to each lung. Each bronchus branches into
bronchioles
.
Once the air goes in the Bronchi, they branch further to become
bronchioles
in each of the lung.
Bronchioles & Alveoli
The bronchioles lead to tiny sacs called
alveoli
, where gas exchanges take place.
From bronchioles the air moves to the
alveoli
which is a sac or pouch surrounded by many blood capillaries.
The walls of the alveoli are thin, and it is smaller in size that provides more surface area for the gaseous exchange to occur.
There are around 300-400 million alveoli in each lung.
These all expand when we breathe in, gases come inside the alveoli and get exchanged with the gases in our blood.
Trachea
Air flows through the
trachea
, or windpipe, to the lungs.
It is also called windpipe
Connects Pharnyx to the
Bronchi
Diaphragm
The
diaphragm
is a large muscle below the ribcage and lungs that contracts as you inhale and relaxes as you exhale.
The air pressure changes due to its movement in the chest causing the air to move in or out.
Pharynx & Larynx
The pharynx branches into the
esophagus
, which leads to the stomach, and the
larynx
, which leads to the lungs.
Mouth & Nose
The mouth and nose take in air, which then flows to the
pharynx
(throat).
When we inhale air enters the
nostrils
and passes through pharynx which is a tubelike passageway at the top of throat that receives food, liquids, and air from mouth or nose.
Pharynx
connect the mouth to the respiratory and digestive system.
When we eat food pharynx directs the food to the esophagus. Air on the other hand is directed to trachea which is a c-shaped rings of cartilage.
Disorders
Asthma
a condition in which the airways are narrowed due to inflammation of the bronchi
Pneumonia
an inflammation of the lungs caused by bacteria or viruses
Emphysema
when alveoli have been damaged, resulting in poor oxygen transport
Part-3:
Circulatory System
Parts
Blood
Blood is the fluid that runs in your vessels and is transported by the heart
Blood is made up of blood cells and plasma. It helps to carry the nutrients and other chemicals required for our body to survive and keep the cells functioning
Parts
Red Blood Cells
Red blood cells are disk-shaped cells that bring oxygen to every cell in the body.
Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, which is an oxygen-carrying protein
White Blood Cells
White blood cells in the blood fight pathogens and keep you healthy.
Antibodies are chemicals that identify pathogens.
Plasma
The fluid part of blood is plasma, which is a mixture of water, minerals, nutrients, sugars, proteins, and waste.
Platelets
Platelets are tiny pieces of larger cells found in bone marrow.
They clump together to form blood clots when injury occurs.
Heart
Muscular organ that constantly contracts and relaxes
When it contracts, the blood is pumped out of the heart and to the rest of our body
When it relaxes, blood from the rest of body enters heart
Blood Vessels
Blood travels through tiny tubes called vessels
Types
Arteries
An artery carries blood away from the heart under high pressure. We call this pressure blood pressure.
Vein
A vein carries blood back to the heart. Valves in veins keep blood from flowing backward.
Capillary
A capillary is a tiny blood vessel that allows exchanges between body cells and blood.
the system from which the lungs send the oxygen to our blood and from there it is transported to the whole body.
Disorders
Atherosclerosis
a hardening of the artery walls caused by a buildup of cholesterol and other lipids
Hypertension
abnormally high blood pressure
Heart attacks and strokes
caused when arteries become blocked or burst
Closed
It is a system that transports materials through blood using vessels
It is faster than an open system where capillaries surround organs and help move the nutrients form the system to the cells in organs
Open
It is a system that transports blood and other fluids into open spaces that are surrounded by organs.
The nutrients and oxygen can enter the tissues ad cells directly.
Left Ventricle
Body
Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
Lungs
Left Atrium