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Key theories - Coggle Diagram
Key theories
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Feminists
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Society is patriarchal, religion stresses separation between the sexes
Woodhead- not all aspects of religion are patriarchal- hijab can be liberating. women can also use religion to gain status and respect
El saadawi- religion not direct cause of patriarchal oppression. religious practice can mirror patriarchal societies, but not always
rinaldo- piety movements- traditional roles for women still seen in some conservative religious groups
Marxism
Marx- religion part of ruling class ideology- justifies suffering of poor, misleads and creates false consciousness. Justifies power and privilege of dominant class. Alienation- dulls pain of exploitation
Criticisms
Althusser- Alienation is unscientific and based on unproven assumptions about humans and their trueselves
Abercrombie et al- religion not as influential on the peasantry in pre-capitalist societys as Marxists claim
Shows how religion masks oppression, ignores positive aspects of religion
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Global context
Religion and development
Nanda- middleclass in india remain religious not a defence mechanism to modernisation and westernisation but helps reduce the tension between traditional hindu beliefs of rejecting materialism. Modern hinduism helps take away the guilt and also provides a way to display wealth through extravagant rituals. also helps celebrate indian nationalism- has become a way of worshipping india- civil religion.
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Berger- Pentecostalism in latin america- equivalent to protestant work ethic but agrees with weber- economic development and natural resources also needed
Religious fundamentalism
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Giddens- fundamentalists are traditionalists seek return to fundamentals of their faith. think theirs is the only true view of the world. growth of fundamentalism response to globalisation- promises certainty in an uncertain world. detests modernity. cosmopolitanism- embraces modernity.
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Bruce- when traditionalists feel threatened they retreat into fundamentalism. confined to monotheistic religions. they share a belief in a sacred text, detest modernty. in the west- reaction to change inside society. in the third world- reaction to change from the outside
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Cultural deference
Bruce- religion symbolises groups collective identity. Poland- communism and the catholic church. Iran- westernisation and the islamic revolution
Organisations
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Movements and members
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Stark and Bainbridge- reject typologies- organisations distinguished by degree of conflict between them and wider society.
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PO-MO and newage
Drane- loss of faith in meta narratives such as science and established religion makes new age attractive
Bruce- growth of new age feature of late modernity not post modernity. emphasis on the individual also watered down versions of religion are easier to follow
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Secularisation
Secularisation- USA
Bruce- America becoming more secular- figures for church attendees are over inflated. Secularisation from within religion in USA has become psychologised- more like therapy. religious diversity- erosion of absolutism
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Secularisation- Britain
Bruce- Technological worldwide view-scientific explanations leave little room for the religious. Industrialisation- loose knit communities- diversity-undermines community- two counter trends to secularisation- cultural defence and cultural transition. doesnt disprove secularisation- religion will be less important as communities integrate
Parsons- structural differentiation- church dominated pre industrial society- former functions lost to specialised institutions- schools, hospitals, social services.
Weber- rationalisation- religious ideas replaced by rational scientific ideas-protestant reformation
Aldridge- community doesnt have to be in one place- world wide religious communities, internet and some religious communities have flourished in urban settings- Pentecostal
Wilso- Long term decline in significance of religious beliefs, practices and institutions. Industrialised society- no longer express shared values through religious ritual
Berger- religious diversity causes secularisation- no longer one sacred canopy, crisis of credibility. berger went on to change this view and he now argues diversity stimulates growth of religion
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Heelas and Woodhead-Kendal project- congregational domain and holistic milieu- concluded spiritual revolution not taken place- milieu grown but not as much as decline in congregation
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Functionalism
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Criticism
Neglects negative aspects, ignores religion as a source of conflict. is civil religion really religion?
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Religion, renewal and choice
Post- modernists
Hervieu-leger- less church attendance, cultural amnesia- religion no longer passed through generations. consumerism has replaced religion-spiritual shoppers. Religion still influences society values- human rights
Lyon- globalisation has seen rise of electronic church and televangelism. removed from traditional location of church. people have become religious consumers, Loss of faith in meta narratives, Lyon criticises secularisation- growth of unconventional beliefs in spirituality- re-enchantment of the world
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Heelas and woodhead- Kendal project- congregational domain and holistic milieu- concluded spiritual revolution not taken place- holistic milieu grown but not as much as decline in congregation
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PO-MO criticism
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Glendinning and bruce- many people engaging in new forms of religion but not committing to them long term
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Religious market theory
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Cycle of religious decline- some religions grow some decline- we are naturally religious. secularisation only sees the decline ignores the rise in new religions
Religion thrives in USA as there is no religious monopoly- market encouraged, reasons for lack of religious participation is not the demand but the supply
Stark and bainbridge- secularisation theory- eurocentric, no golden age of religion. religion attractive as provides compensators
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Cricisms
Bruce- diversity accompanied by decline- secularisation theory makes no claim for golden age just that religion in decline
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Norris and Inglehart- high levels of religious participation in catholic countries where church has monopoly of beliefs such as Ireland. Low levels in pluralistic societies- holland/austria
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