Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
chemistry, paper 1 - Coggle Diagram
-
paper 1
the periodic table
-
-
-
-
-
metals are found on the left and in the middle of the periodic table. while non metals are found on the right hand side
metals: shiny, high melting points, good conductors of heat/electricity, high density malleable
non metals: dull, low melting points, poor conductors of heat/electricity, low density, dull
the position of metals and non-metals on the periodic table relate to their properties which are caused by their atomic structure: metals are good conductors so they go on the left side while non-metals are poor conductors go on the tight side.
group 0 elements (noble gases) are colorless,odorless and low flammability they are not very reactive and are very stable meaning they have little tendency to gain or lose electrons or form chemical bonds
-
alkali metals- soft, reactive metals with low melting points.
group 7(as you go down the group)- their melting and boiling points increase, their intermolecular forces get stronger,they gain more electrons. and they have covalent bonding
metals to form ionic compounds where the halide ion has a charge of -1. They form molecular compounds with non-metals. They form hydrogen halides, which dissolve in water, forming acidic solutions.
history of the atom
originally thought the atom was just a tiny sphere that cannot be divided this theory was devised by John Dalton in 1804
-
JJ thomson the came and said that it was arranged like a plum pudding he called it the 'plum pudding model' containing electrons in 1897
-
-
-
-
structure of the atom
-
-
-
a proton and neutron have an atomic mass of 1. A neutron has a charge of 0, a proton has a positive charge
-
-
the nearest shell to the nucleus holds two electrons and shells further away from the nucleus holds 8 electron
physical separation
filtration and crystallization are physical processes which separate mixtures and don't create new substances
filtration
-
works by using filter paper and pouring the mixture on top of it the water will seep through leaving the sand on top (residue)
-
-
crystalization
-
-
remove the bunsen burner and as the dish cools the remaining water evaporates leaving only the crystals eg salt crystals
distillation
-
simple distillation
-
the mixture is heated in a flask as some of the substances evaporate they are collected in a condensing column surrounded by a cooling jacket
-
fractional distillation
-
uses a fractionating column which has a temperature gradient-cooler at the top and warmer at the bottom
Makes sure that only the pure liquid with a boiling point lower than the temperature at the top of the column will rise to the very top of the column before condensing
this continues until the first liquid is collected then the temperature is raised until we have separate and pure substances.
-
-
isotopes
-
an example of isotopes is hydrogen which has three isotopes: these include Hydrogen, Deuterium (hydrogen-2) and finally tritium (hydrogen-3.
carbon has three isotopes carbon 12 (containing 6 neutrons and protons equaling to 12) this is the same for carbon 13 and carbon 14
calculate the atomic mass of an element by multiplying the abundance of each isotope by its mass then add all the numbers together the divide by the total abundance which would be 100%