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INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS - Coggle Diagram

- - - - economically
      - within the speed boundary MMO
  - - - CAS (Calibrated Speed)
        
        corrected by any error which comes from the indicator and the source of the static pressure
        
        equipped with air data computers and electrical instruments or glass cockpits
      - TAS (True Airspeed)
        
        For navigation purposes
        
        is measured against the surrounding air
        
        increases with increasing altitude
        
        is only identical to the EAS at mean sea level
      - IAS (Indicated Airspeed)
        
        proportional to all aerodynamic like lift and drag
      - EAS (Equivalent Airspeed)
        
        is only important for design data and mathematical investigations
    - - low altitudes the limit depends on the dynamic pressure
        
        maximum operating velocity (VMO)
      - higher altitudes the limit depends on the maximum
        
        mach number (MMO)
      - In small aircraft it is marked with colored ranges and lines
        
        VNO
        
        is the maximum airspeed for cruise flight
        
        VNE
        
        shows the maximum allowed airspeed.
        
        VFE
        
        is the maximum allowable speed with flaps extended
        
        The green band
        
        shows the Normal Operating Range
        
        VS1
        
        is the stall speed in clean configuration with maximum weight
        
        The white band
        
        is the Full Flap Operating Range
        
        VS0
        
        is the stall speed in landing configuration
        
        The yellow band
        
        is the caution range
  - - - static air temperature , or SAT
        called outside air temperature, or OAT
        
        the temperature of the undisturbed air around the aircraft
        
        can’t be measured directly
      - the total air temperature or TAT in short
        
        indicated temperature
        
        has also a heating element which prevents ice build up
        
        used directly for engine thrust calculations
  - - - QFE
      - QNH
      - QNE
    - - two Pointers
        
        1000 ft
        
        100 ft
- - - - Altimeter
      - Vertical Speed Indicator
      - Airspeed indicator
  - - - If the cabin is unpressurized the airspeed indication will decrease to zero
    - - The Airspeed indication decreases . The Altimeter and vertical speed indication will show the same
  - - - SSE depends on the fuselage shape, the airspeed and angle of attack of the aircraft
    - - small holes located around the tube and are connected to the static system
- - - - Flap position Indicator
      - Tachometer
      - Cabin pressure Indicator Airframe
      - Oil pressure Indicator Engine
      - Hydraulic pressure Indicator
      - Exhaust Gas Temperature Indicator
  - - - Inertial Navigation System
      - Beam Indicator
      - Radio Navigation
      - Radio Compass
  - - - Heading Indicator
      - Turn and Bank Indicator
      - Horizon Indicator
      - Vertical Speed Indicator
      - Airspeed Indicator
      - Mach Indicator
      - Altimeter
      - Command pointer