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MICROBIOLOGY, Treponematacae, PROTOZOA, Throat Swab, Sputum, Standard…
MICROBIOLOGY
Treponematacae
Characteristics
Gram -
slender
helically curved bacillus
STAIN
Giemsa & Silver Impregnation
Movement
corkscrew winding
because of its
Protoplasmic Cylinder
Biotypes
Pallidum
- syphilis
Pertenue
- Yaws (Frambesia)
Endemicum
- Bejel (Endemic Syphilis)
Carateum
- Pinta
Cuniculi
- rabbit syphilis
T. Pallidum
Laboratory observation
Dark field Microscopy/immunofluorescence
Silver Stain
(brown)
Levaditi
Faulkner-Warthin-Starry
Fontana Tribondeau
Characteristics
Ma cultivate sa mouse footpad and Rabbit testicles
Pathogenic
Microaerophilic
1-4% O2
Non-Pathogenic
"Reiter Strain"
nonsyphilis
Anaerobic
Disease
Syphilis
SECONDARY STAGE
LATENT STAGE
PRIMARY STAGE
TERTIARY STAGE
Treatment
PENICILLIN
Bejel
occurs children in africa
highly infectious skin lesions
Pinta
Nonulcerating
restricted sa mga itom
Yaws
ulcerative
papule
direct contact, congenital
VS
PROTOZOA
Sarcomastigaphora
Sarcodina
move by pseudopodia
Intestinal
E. coli
E. polecki
E. hartmanni
E. nana
E. histolytica
E. butschlii
Extraintestinal
Naegleria fowleri
Acanthamoeba species
E. gingivalis
Mastigophora
move by flagella
Tissue Flagellates
Leishmania
Intestinal Flagellates
Giardia
Dientamoeba fragilis
Blood Flagellates
Trypanosoma
Urinary flagellates
Trichomonas
Ciliophora
move by cilia
Balantidium
Apicomplexa
Sporozoa
no locomotory organ
Toxoplasma
Babesia
Plasmodium
Microspora
spore-forming
Enterocytozoa
Throat Swab
requested to diagnose -
Group A Strep Infections
Suspected infections:
Oral thrush
Epiglottitis
Whooping Cough (B. Pertussis)
Oral gonorrhea
Streptococcus Pyogenes
Gram +
in chains
Beta hemolytic
Related diseases:
scarlet fever
Pharyngitis
Tonsilitis
PSGN
RHD
TSB
37C 2Hrs
CULTURE
ROUTINE AGAR
MAC
Incubator
37C 18-24 Hrs
CAP
BAP
CO2 incubator/ candle jar
others:
SDA
- Fungi
room temp 18-24 Hrs
MSA
- Staph
EMB
- lactose fermenters
How
Collect sa POSTERIOR PHARYNX
Sputum
collect how?
Deep cough
Much better to gargle with SALINE first...why?:
lessens saliva = lessens amount of PMN
and epithelial cells per LPF
If more saliva
Normal flora growth > Pathogenic organism
= erroneous results :red_cross:
for diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infections
Standard Values
other name
AKA
Standard plate count
<500 est. CFU/mL
SPECIMEN PROCESSING
& BIOSAFETY
METAZOA
ASCHELMINTHES/
NEMATODES
Intestinal-TIssue
Intestinal
PLATYHELMINTHS
CESTODES
Tapeworms
Cyclophyllidea
Taenia
Hymenolepis nana
Pseudophyllidea
Diphyllobotrium latum
Diphylidium caninum
TREMATODES
Flukes
Lung Flukes
Paragonimus westermani
Liver Flukes
Fasciola
Fasciola hepatica
Fasciola gigantica
Clonorchis senensis
Opistorchis
Opistorchis felinus
Opistorchis viverini
Blood Flukes
Schistosoma haematobium
Schistosoma mansoni
Schistosoma japonicum
Schistosoma intercalatum
Schistosoma mekongi
Intestinal Flukes
Fasciolopsis buski
Heterophyes heterophyes
Metagonimus yokagawai
Echinostoma ilocanum
Unsegmented
Hermaphroditic/ Monoecious EXCEPT Schistosoma
ALL are transmitted by ingestion of Metacercaria EXCEPT Schistosoma
ALL are operculated EXCEPT Schistosoma
1st IH is ALWAYS snail
SPECIMEN HANDLING &
PROCESSING
Specimen Collection
Requirements for SPECIFIC SITES
page 33 Delost
Respiratory Tract
Normal Flora Upper Respiratory
Haemophilus
Few Candida Albicans
Diptehroids
Staph. Epidermidis
Nonpathogenic Neisseria
a-hemolytic streptococci (Viridans streptococci)
Bacterial Pharyngitis
Group A streptococcus or
S. Pyogenes
COLLECTION of specimen
posterior pharynx
between tonsils
then placed in
TRANSPORT MEDIA
then inoculate in
BLOOD AGAR
CHOCOLATE AGAR
specific cases
Neisseria or Haemophilus
Throat Specimens
transport
within 24 HRS
Epiglottis
Haemophilius influenzae
type B
but less frequent sa
bata because of effective
vaccines/immunization
Immunosupressed PX
Candida Albicans
Gonococcal Pharyngitis or Oral gonorrhea infections
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Viral Pharyngitis
Adenovirus, Rhinovirus, EBV
AO 2017-0010
the “Philippine National Standards
for Drinking Water of 2017”
prescribes standard and procedure on drinking water quality to protect public/consumers.
Reference laboratories
East avenue medical center
(
EAMC
)
Philippine Nuclear Research Institute
(
PNRI
)
Parameters and standard values
for microbiological analysis of
drinking water
PARAMETERS
Total Coliform
definition:
tanan na bacteria present sa environment most inde harmful, pero bacts usually not seen sa groundwater increases probability na may harmful bacts pagd sa water
enterobactericiae
Multiple Tube Fermentation Technique ➡️
Enzyme-substrate Technique ➡️
Membrane filter Technique ➡️
Thermotolerant Coliform
(E. Coli)
⬅️ Multiple Tube Fermentation Technique:
⬅️ Enzyme-substrate Technique:
⬅️ Membrane filter Technique
other name
AKA
Fecal Coliform
a particular group of coliform bacterias that can
ferment lactose @ 44.5C in 48hrs
Examples
E. Coli
Heterotrophic plate count
Standard Values
<1.1 MPN/100mL
<1 MPN/100mL
<1 total coliforms/100mL
Preparing a Fungal Smear
most common - direct mounting
TYPES
TEASE mount
Modified way
use one needle/sterile applicator stick
get mycelium japon on colony
place on slide w/ LPCB
place COVERSLIP
read on LPO & HPO
Old way
Two needles are used
get mycelium on 3rd colony
Place on slide w/ LPCB
tease apart! Using needles
CELLOPHANE mount
simply touch the clear tape (NOT FROSTED fungi not visible) sa colony then put lang LPCB on a slide
TICK - ornitho = Endemic
LOUSE - pedi = Epidemic
Borrelia recurrentis
Laboratory observation
Staining
Wright's
Giemsa
Characteristics
GRAM -
Irregular spiral, loose large spirals
Microaerophilic
Disease
Relapsing fever
Intake Antimicrobial Agent
Reaction
Jarisch Heixheimer Reaction
SENSITIVITY
according to action
diffusion
dilution
According to media
broth
agar
METHODS
Disk diffusion Method
Kirby bauer
Agar
- Mueller Hinton /non selective, non differential
Depth: 4mm
pH: 7.2-7.4
Distance of disk
≥30mm from disk center
≥10mm from the edge
LOWER
RESPIRATORY TRACT
PATHOGENS
URINARY
TRACT
PATHOGENS
BLOOD
PATHOGENS
CSF
PATHOGENS
UPPER
RESPIRATORY TRACT
PATHOGENS
LOWER
GASTROINTESTINAL
PATHOGENS
BIOCHEMICAL TESTS
NASOPHARYNGEAL SWABS
15-30 seconds sa pharynx
for diagnosis of Pertussis
Bordetella pertussis
used to identify carrier state of
Staph aureus
Neisseria meningitidis
used to diagnose
MIDDLE EAR INFECTIONS
S. pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Moraxella catarrhalis
LOWER respiratory
Diagnose
bronchitis or pneumonia
PNEUMONIA
Streptococcus penumoniae
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Serratia species
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
E. coli
S. aureus
anaerobes
fungi
BRONCHITIS
also primary atypical pneumonia
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
TOPIC 1: Microbiological Analysis of Water Samples and Colony Counting Techniques
NOTE: ⚠️
not all thermotolerant coliform are fecal coliform
INTERVIEW
TOPIC 2: Fungal Culture and Mycology
more practical..retains fruiting structure
REMEMBER normal flora doesn't mean inde maka hatag masakit.....those compromised individuals may develope disease tungod sa normal flora
CULTURE AND SENSITIVITY
Click me for Practice Questions
MTAP 2
SPIROCHETES
click me for practice questions
not detailed
panick notes only
Borrelia Burgdorferi
PARASITOLOGY
BASICS
THROAT CULTURE
📣RECALL
barlett's classification
page 34 Delost
