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UNDER WHAT CIRCUMSTANCES MIGHT A DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGIST CHOSE A) A…

- - - - Within-participant design
        
        A research method where the same individuals are compared with themselves over time, strengthening the validity of findings by controlling individual differences.
- - - - COHORT EFFECTS
        
        (Charlotte Nickerson, 2023)
        
        the cohort effect is the effect that having been born in a certain time, region, or period or having experienced the same life experiences has on the development or perceptions of a particular group.
        
        In general, studies investigating larger age ranges have greater cohort effects than those studying narrower ranges.
        
        (Atingdui, 2011)
        these perceptions and characteristics are untie to group in question
        
        (Cozby and Bates, 1977).
        
        A study comparing young adolescents to 90-year-olds, for example, is likely to have a more pronounced cohort effect than one comparing 20 and 30-year-olds, as the contrast in the societal, political, educational, and economic factors experienced between those in the first study is significantly greater than those in the second
        
        (Cozby and Bates, 1977)
        
        individual cohort effects can significantly alter the outcomes of studies, as cohorts reflect different economic and political conditions in society, different popular cultures, different educational systems, and different child-rearing practices
        
        (Keyes, Utz, Robinson, and Li, 2010)
        
        Cohort effects arise when different distributions of some trait such as a disease or handedness, come about because of new environmental cause that affects different age groups differently
        
        (Schaie, 1986)
        
        researchers must infer that differences between age groups are a consequence of age and not some other factor
        
        PS122LECTURE, WEEK 5
        
        Variations in study outcomes due to the unique experiences of different age groups, making direct comparisons difficult.
        
        EXAMPLE
        
        Handedness
        
        Hatta and Kawakami (1995) investigated the results of the H.N. Handedness Inventory, originally administered to 1199 Japanese students in 1973, when administered to a new sample of 1700 Japanese students 20 years later.
        
        The researchers found that there were more left-handed and ambidextrous females in the second samples and that this difference in handedness was underlined by a number of non-biological factors. For example, researchers have attributed handedness to cultural demands and parental pressure (Corren and Porac, 1979).
        
        In particular, Hatta and Kawakami argued that after the Second World War, the Western mass media made the presence of non-right-handedness more present, thus making left-handedness more acceptable (Hatta and Kawakami, 1995).
      - Between-Participants design
        
        A research method where different individuals are compared, potentially introducing more variability and cohort effects.
- - - - However, the sequential method incorporates elements of the longitudinal method by testing those in the cross-sectional method at least one other time (Cozby and Bates, 1977). Sequential study designs can help separate age and cohort effects (Schaie, 2015), reducing their impact on the analysis of results.
      - Ultimately, the researchers found that self-esteem tends to increase from age 25 to age 60 but decreases in later years. As a longitudinal study, such a result would have taken many more years to obtain (Cozby and Bates, 1977).