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sociology family - Coggle Diagram
sociology family
domestic abuse
Mirrlees-Black
99% of all incidents against women are committed by men. nearly 1 in 4 women have been assaulted by a partner at some point in her life time.
Official statistics
understate the true extent of domestic violence. police and prosecutors may be reluctant to record, investigate or prosecute those cases that are reported to them.
Dobash & Dobash
violent incidents could be set off by what a husband saw as a challenge to his authority. they argue that marriage legitimises violence against women by conferring power and authority on husbands and dependency on wives.
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Wilkinson and Pickett
domestic violence is the result of stress on family members caused by social inequality. so, those with less power, status, wealth or income are often at greater risk.
Fran Ansley
women are the 'takers of shit'. this could include domestic violence. in this case domestic violence is the product of capitalism.
theories of the family
policies
divorce reform act 1969, no fault divorce 2022.
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family allowance act 1945, allowed child benefits
education and skills act 2008, increased school leaving age to 18.
childcare expansion 2024- working parents with children age 2, 3 and 4 can get 15 hours childcare support.
functionalism
Murdock 4 functions; economic, reproductive, sexual & educational
Parsons functional fit thesis; primary socialisation, stabilisation of adult personalities (warm bath theory).
marxism
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Zaretsky- ideological function. parental power, king of the castle. unit of consumption. keeping up with the Jones's, pester power.
feminism
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marxists
women reproduce the labour force, absorb anger and are a reserve army of labour (during WWII and covid).
liberal
women's position in family improving thanks to changes in legislation (canalisation). patterns of socialisation need to change though.
the new right
nuclear family with traditional gender roles is the ideal family type. however welfare state has facilitated the growth of SPF and same-sex families which the NR are against. benefits offer perverse incentives and create a dependency culture.
gender roles
impact of paid work
more than 3/4 of married or cohabiting women are in some kind of paid employment in the UK, compared to less than half in 1971.
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feminist
there is still little sign of the 'new man' who does an equal share of housework and childcare, while women now carry a dual burden.
Dunscombe and Marsden: 'triple shift' of housework, paid work and emotion work.
2 explanations for this: cultural as inequality. its what society expects. material as women earn less.
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march of progress view
joint conjugal role (Bott), symmetrical families (Willmot +Young).
Future Foundations: 60% of men claimed to do more housework than their father, whilst 75% of women do less than their mothers.
ONS: found that women tend to spend more time on chores. But, Boulton found that fewer than 20% had a major role in childcare. Warde and Hetherington show that sex typing of domestic tasks is strong.
feminist view
Ann Oakley
claims that the symmetrical family is exaggerated and unconvincing. Oakley found that only 15% of husbands had a high level of participation in housework, and only 25% in childcare. The housewife role is still women's primary role.
decision making
Edgell
wives made minor decisions, husbands controlled allocation of spending.
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demographics trends
Birth rate
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•changes in the position of women. •decline in IMR. •children become an economic liability as expensive. •child centredness, it's about quality not quantity.
•beanpole. •smaller families as one sibling or none. •increase in women who are child free, which leads to more symmetrical families. •dependency ratio decreases
Death rate
decreasing. 1900- 19 per 1,000. today is 4.4. life expectancy: 1900- 50M, 57F, 2013- 90M, 97F.
due to improvements such as; nutrition, medical, public health measures, environmental improvements.
•beanpole, where grandparents are used as childcare. •lone parent household as having children later. •lower IMR- more child centred. •dependency ratio increases.
Migration rates
increasing. 672,000 in 2023. reached its peak of 745,000 in 2022.
due to push and pull factors, also globalisation.
•shared households of workers and students. •south asian more traditional, meaning beanpole. •black caribbean families SPF. •women migrate for sexual (husband) and emotional labour. •increases fertility rates. •dependency ratio decreases as most migrants work
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childhood
better
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child-centred society. in 2023, the cost of raising a child to the age of 18 was £166,000. lower IMR. in education until 18. growth of children's right. social policies to protect children.
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Brooks: evidence suggests that adults are taking more control of children's lives. cotton wool society (criticism of Postman).
postmodernism
childhood is changing. instability in families; adults become more fearful for children's security and even more preoccupied with protecting them.
not better
Postman: the disappearance of childhood. rise and fall of print culture and rise of TV culture. information hierarchy has disappeared. social blurring- children have the same rights as adults, are engaging in more adult behaviours.
Palmer: toxic children. unhealthy food, lack of outdoor play, poor sleep patterns, little patterns, little time to interact with family= increase in obesity and ADHD.
conflict views
there are inequalities between children- ethnicity, gender and social class differences.
inequalities between children and adults. neglect and abuse. adults control children's space, time, bodies and access to resources.