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Governance of Antarctica - Coggle Diagram
Governance of Antarctica
International laws
Antarctic Treaty System (1959):
- 53 country's signatures
- Antarctica should only be sued for peaceful reasons - no army bases/ weapons
- countries should cooperate on scientific research, share plane, results etc
- should remain in the global commons, individual countries cannot claim it
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Madrid Protocol signed in 1991 and added to the Antarctic Treaty - focus on protecting Antarctica's fragile environment:
- bans all mining
- rules to protect plants and animals, regulate waste disposal, prevent pollution
- an EIA is required for any new activities
no system to ensure all countries abide by the rules - any disputes are encouraged to be solved through negotiation ot go to the ICJ
addressing problems can be slow/ difficult as all countries involved must reach a consensus over all decisions made e.g. 2012-16 plans for Antarctic marine reserves repeatedly failed due to opposition from Russia & Ukraine
Global Institutions
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Whaling Moratorium
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banned all commercial whaling around the world, including Antarctica & believed to have helped whale populations here increase
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US and AUS believe there should be a better monitoring system:
- registering all whaling boats with the IWC
- placing independent observers on all whaling boats
- Japan and Norway say IWC does not have authority to do this
2018: Japanese whalers killed over 300 Antarctic whales for 'scientific research' despite the ruling
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