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Working Memory and Cognitive Control - Coggle Diagram
Working Memory and Cognitive Control
Types of memory
Declarative Memory
=
explicit memory
→ memories that you are consciously aware of
ability to recall factual information
Episodic
: memory of events in your life
Spatial
: memory for where things are/ for how to get around
Semantic
: memory for facts
Non-declarative
Describes
skill learning, habit learning and emotional memory
, (e.g. cycling and nailbiting) Depends on the basal ganglia, amygdala, cerebellum and neocortex
Procedural memory
: how to do things
=
implicit memory
→unconscious memories than can affect your behavior
Priming
: unconscious triggers in your environment to get you to remember or act a certain way
Automatic processing
: non-conscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information such as word meanings
Three Memory Process
Storage
Retrieval
Encoding
Tricks to remember information
Shallow processing
: encoding information on basic auditory or visual levels, based on the sound, structure or appearance of
Deep processing
: encodes semantically, based on actual meaning associated with the word
Mnemonics
: memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
Baddeley & Hitch’s model of working memory
Central Executive
Episodic Buffer
Integrates information from the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and long-term memory into a coherent sequence.
Acts as a temporary storage system that can hold multi-dimensional information, providing a bridge between working memory and long-term memory.
Phonological Loop
Phonological Store
: Temporarily holds spoken words and sounds (1-2 sec).
Articulatory Control Process
: Refreshes and rehearses the information in the phonological store, much like a silent repetition.
Deals with verbal and auditory information.
Visuospatial Sketchpad
Handles
visual
and
spatial
information.
Enables the creation and manipulation of mental images and spatial awareness, such as visualizing objects and navigating through space.
Responsible for tasks such as problem-solving, decision-making, and controlling attention. It can also integrate information from long-term memory
Acts as the control center, directing attention and coordinating the activities of the other components.
Atkinson-Shiffrin Memory Model
Short-Term memory (STM)
Capacity:
Limited
, typically around 7 ± 2 items (
Miller's Law
).
Information in STM can be maintained through rehearsal, and some of it may be encoded into long-term memory.
Temporary working memory
Long-Term memory (LTM)
Stores information for extended periods, potentially for a lifetime.
Information in LTM can be retrieved back into STM for use.
Sensory memory
Capacity: Very large, can hold a lot of information.
Duration: Very brief (< 1s)
Captures
sensory information
from the environment.
Iconic memory: sensory memory for vision (G. Sperling)
Executive functions
Shifting
switching flexibly between tasks or mental sets
"Wisconsin Card Sorting Task"
Inhibition
deliberate overriding of dominant or prepotent responses
"Stroop Task"
Updating
rapid addition/ deletion
"n-Back-Task"
constant monitoring
Frontal Lobe
: prefrontal cortex is thpught to play a prominent role in working memory function
ventrolateral PFC: involved in simple tasks
rostrolateral PFC: gateway between insight and out
dorsolateral PFC: active in manipulating tasks
medial prefrontal cortex/ ACC: need of exerting control