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Neurosciene - Coggle Diagram
Neurosciene
Cortical Lobes
Parietal lobes (S1): touch, feeling, sense of space
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Frontal lobes: planning and performing complex action, olfaction
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Nervous System
PNS: consists of motor and sensory neurons that connect the brain and the spinal cord to the rest of the body
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CNS: consists of the brain (=main control center) and the spinal cord (=transit route from the periphery to and from the brain)
Brain's Major Parts
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Hindbrain
Cerebellum (little brain): connected through the pons, important for motor control & coordination, has recently been found to play an important role in learning
Brainstem: sits atop the spinal cord, connects the brain and spinal cord, completes many basic physiological functions, e.g. breathing & digestion
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Forebrain
Limbic System
Hippocampus (seahorse): formation of memory, factual data
Amygdala (almond): emotional responses, emotional memories
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Cerebrum/ Cerebral cortex (bark): thin layering of cells on outer surface of brain (grey matter), heavily folded, squeezing in lots of surface area, plays a role in integrating senses, conscious experience and generating most voluntary behaviors
The Neuron
Neuron communication
- The Soma integrates input from the dendrites: If excitation > threshold, action potential ‘fired’
- Action potential spreads through the axon, causing NT release at all its synapses
- Dendrites receive neurotransmitter (NT) signal: signal generates an electrical potential that travels down towards the soma
- This transmitter affects partner dendrites:
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- After each action potential:
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Glia provide support, structure, and nourishment for neurons, and outnumber neurons by about 9:1.
Psychopharmacology
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Affect inactivation/recapture (e.g. remain for longer in the synaptic cleft & absorbing greater
quantities
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Pros: Interfaces with the chemical language of the brain, different drugs for producing different effects
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Cons: Not selective to brain/ body region, brain can adjust to chemical changes
Neural Integration
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The rate an axon fires is determined by the relative activity of the excitatory & inhibitory synapses on the soma and dendrites of that cell, interaction of these activities is referred to as neural integration
Terje Lömo
Stimulated pre-synaptic neuron, recorded post-synaptic neuron in rabbit hippocampus
After delivering a burst of stronger stimulation (higher frequency of pulses) and returning to weaker pulses → The post-synaptic neuron continued to show strong responses
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Brain structures are duplicated in the left and right hemispheres→ left and right hemispheres communicate through axonal tracts (= subcortical white matter)
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Subcortical white matter: massive tracts of neural wiring, connecting regions of cortex to other brain areas
Pathways
Sensory Pathways: sensory organs (e.g. eyes) -> thalamus -> primary sensory cortex (each primary sensory cortex is specialized for initial processing)
Motor Pathways: All voluntary motor output is sent down to the spine via the frontal lobe's primary motor cortex (M1).
Many inputs to M1 help to form a behavioral plan: Frontal lobes: planning and logical thinking Cerebellum, basal ganglia: refinements of motor program