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Why did the relationship between Charles and Parliament break down 1625-42…
Why did the relationship between Charles and Parliament break down 1625-42
Charles Religious Policy
1625 French Match (Parliament wanted a protestant match but it wasn't even looked for)
Charles Pushing of Arminianism
Making Buckingham chancellor of Cambridge in 1626 -> York House conference
William Laud made Bishop of London in 1628 and preaching at the coronation in 1625
This was seen as a catholic influence / going towards a catholic ideology + Catholic wife
Henrietta Maria was allowed to practice mass privately
Made Parliament fear for the future of protestantism
Their kids would be raised catholic
The loaning of English ships which were then used to attack the Huguenots very much angered Parliament
However
Charles was still a protestant and had no intention to turn England Catholic
Criteria: How much a factor caused parliament to not give money or to challenge Charles
Foreign Policy
Parliamentary meddling (angered Charles)
Criticizing French Match
Pushing for war
Failed expeditions and battles
Cadiz
Buckingham in charge and it was a massive failure with everyone getting drunk and ill (cost 250,000)
Hugely embarrassing for Charles and Buckingham
La Rochelle
Charles again trusting B. to attack French but ladders were too short and they had to go back as failures
Again, Buckingham messes up and angers parliament
Lead to continued attacks on Buckingham by parliament which result in Charles defending him and ending parliament in 1625 and 1628
However
most of the problems with foreign policy are to do with Parliament withholding money and so could be due to obstruction by parliament
Acts by Parliament
Start to use the power of the purse against Charles
Only give 5 subsidies in 1628 parliament after Charles agreed to the petition of right
Parliament says they will only give subsidies for war with Scots in 1640 if grievances were heard first
Charles gets impatient and dissolves it after 3 weeks
Don't award him Tonnage and Poundage so they can try and control him
He collects it anyway
Continuously attack Buckingham early on and impeach Charles' ministers
Every parliament until Buckingham's death was closed due to their attacks on buckingham
Impeach ministers
Roger Mainwaring in 1628
William Laud in 1640
Thomas Wentworth (Earl of Strafford) in 1640
Impeached for Treason but cannot be found guilty as he was working under the king's orders
Parliament changes to an Act of Attainder
Charles loses more of parliament's support and Wentworth is executed following the discovery of the First Army Plot
Overstepping of Royal Prerogatives
Foreign Policy Meddling
Ten propositions - too far
19 Propositions - knew that Charles could not agree to them
Grand Remonstrance
They led to Charles having to dissolve parliament without money or he dissolved parliament through anger
Personal Rule
Finance
Continues to sell monopolies (1632 popish soap monopoly)
Ship Money - collected in peacetime from 1634 and collected everywhere in 1635
Was actually used to build a navy but was still highly opposed as people felt Parliament should have been consulted
Reintroduced Knighthood Fines
Customs were still collected
Tonnage and Poundage (illegal)
Impositions (legal but controversial)
All this helped Charles change his customs income from £300,000 to £500,000 in the 1630s - 67% of Charles' income
Revised book of rates as well
Forest Laws
Very conrtroversial
Religion
Pilloried Burton, Bastwick and Prynne for attacking Arminianism (ears cut off and imprisoned for life) - ungentlemenly punishment for gentlemen
Controversial as judgement was carried out by the Star Chamber - King abusing judicial power
Prayer book imposed on Scotland to bring them in line with the English church
Imposed by royal decree without consulting Scots
Covenant formed - Scottish Crisis is catalyst for civil war