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62. The Commonwealth. Cultural diversity. Development of linguistic…
62. The Commonwealth. Cultural diversity. Development of linguistic varieties. Intercultural influences and manifestations as seen in the novels of EM Forster, Doris Lessing, and Nadine Gordimer
The Commonwealth
Successor of Br Empire. 20th, nationalist movements. Canada: self-governing Dominion in 1867. Australia, NZ, South Africa, Irish FS: 1921.
WWII: autonomous dominions, equal, not subordinate. Common allegiance to the crown, freely associated. 1931: Statue of Westminster.
London Declaration 1949: modern CW. India: republic, still member. Other countries. British dropped from name.
Now: free, voluntary association of sovereign states, ties of friendship, practical cooperation, British monarch. 53 counties. Previous British territory: member with approval.
Not constitution, commit to statements of CW Heads. Singapore Declaration of CW Principles (1971), Harara CW Declaration (1991). Democracy, good governance, human rights, gender equality, rule of law.
No central gov. CW Secretariat: main body, 1965 in London, executive arm. Patricia Scotland.
No economic or political advantages, keep cultural contacts. Trade, investment, sport, education, population, migration. CW Games, CW Day. UN.
Linguistic varieties
Space and time separation, imperfect learning, differences of nature and civilisation, contact with other native languages, new environment.
Australian English
Aborigines, Maori. Kangaroo, boomerang
Pronunciation: ei>ai, ai>oi.
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Vocabulary: bush, goody, dingo, You wouldn't read about it!
Canadian English
Vulnerable to AmEN. Elements from BrEN. Bilingual. French words: aboiteau, innuit
Indian English
Second language, bookish, not sufficient in touch
Pronunciation: sk-, sp-, st- initial vowel
Grammar: I am knowing, pay attention on, my all friends
Vocabulary: good, opticals, Himalayan blunder, fall at your feet, bow my forehead, you eater of your. master
New Zealand English
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Stronger resistance to Am En, Australian EN. Departed from BrEN.
Vocabulary: school, hurray, na, bowser, joker
South African English
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Pronunciation: ai>a. p, t, k never aspirated
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Vocabulary: commando, apartheid, robot, reference book
E. M. Forster
British. Travels and society. Great humanist, importance of individual personality. 6 novels: socio-political issues (initially they seem conflicts among friends). Remarkable view of human nature
Where Angels Fear to Thread: comedy to explore themes of British middle class, lesson on tolerance and love
The Longest Journey, A Room with a View: English characters' failures, criticism on social system
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Maurice: posthumously, struggle between passion and convention in homosexual explicit affairs
A Passage to India: most complex, acclaimed. Racial misunderstandings and cultural hypocrisies in India under British rule. Critiques British colonialism
Nadine Gordimer
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15 novels: Africa and its political system. Master-servant relations, colonialism. Anti-racist, anti-apartheid: Burger's Daughter banned. Other: July's People, The Lying Days, A Guest of Honor, The Conservationist. Last: No Time Like the Present
Damaging effects of oppressive racial laws. Brutal burdens of black people. With sensitivity and intelligence: habits, rituals. Nobel Prize in 1991
Doris Lessing
Iran. Civil and women's rights, racial equality. 30. novels: social and political upheavals, feminism, sex and race battles, denouncement of colonial injustices.
1950: career. The Grass is Singing: discrimination against black Africans. This Was the Old Chief's Country, Children of Violence: Martha Quest and her struggle with racism and class stratification
The Golden Notebook: societal chaos, emotional numbness. Other: A Man and Two Women, Memories of a Survivor, If the Old Could..., The Good Terrorist, The Fifth Child. Other forms of literature. Last: The Cleft
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