Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Global development - Coggle Diagram

- - - - undeveloped countries hold traditional cultural values that may hold them back
      - to fully develop, western cultural values should be adopted
    - - explores the economic model of western countries
      - undeveloped nations should move to capitalism to develop
      - identified five stages to development, and argued that every country was at one of the stages
        
        traditional society
        
        preconditions for takeoff
        
        takeoff
        
        drive to maturity
        
        age of mass consumption
      - the USA is at the peak of development
    - - -does not consider external barriers
      - -ethnocentric approach
      - +considers the steps to development, which can be seen
      - predictions of the 'asian tiger' countries came true
      - -ignores western inequality
  - - - poorer countries are forced into a state of unde development
    - - western countries continue to exploit poorer countries through neocolonialism
        
        domination of political alliances
        
        unfair trading relationships
      - only way for a country to develop is to break free from western oppressors
    - - +hugely influential theory
      - +occurred in cuba
      - -western countries offer a lot of help
        
        aid
        
        trade
      - -over simplistic
      - -some countries are exploited more than others
  - - - -romanticises local knowledge - 'reverse snobbery'
      - -condems western attempts to help
  - - - exploitative neocolonial relationships are more complex
      - acknowledges the existence of a semi-periphery
    - - +more nuanced and recent theory
- - - - grants
      - loans
      - tied aid
  - - - transferred directly from one country to another
      - USA sent $162,000,000,000 to assist Ukraine
      - 70% of all official aid is bilateral
    - - assist a country in time of disaster
      - turkey earthquake
      - may be food, water and toiletries
    - - offer of weaponry or military personnel to win a war
      - USA offering money to fight venezuela
    - - aid with conditions as to how it is spent
      - e.g - receive $1,000,000 but only if their rail is privatised
  - - - aid is a form of neocolonialism
      - used as another way for wealthy countries to control poorer nations
      - aid can further the power imbalance
      - Hayter
        
        aid serves to deliberately sustain underdevelopment
    - - aid creates dependency, and does not encourage self sufficiency
      - tied aid is better for development
      - Bauer - aid creates a dependency culture
    - - aid can help kickstart development
      - encourages investment in infrastructure
    - - aid has the potential to be effective
      - fails due to poor governance and corruption
    - - foreign aid is another way that the USA has attempted to dominate economic and political thinking
  - - - foreign aid pays for the vaccinations of 80% of the world's children
- - - - Butler and Schulz
        
        mcworld
        
        links to globalisation
  - - - roads
      - buildings
      - rail access
      - healthcare and education
    - - offer jobs for women
      - 90% of factory workers are women
  - - - contributes to neocolonial exploitation
      - employment is low quality and unsustainable
      - TNCs exploit employment laws to produce high price goods at low production cost
      - creates exploitative relationships
      - Frobel
        
        TNCs have more power than nation states
        
        TNCs set up in developing countries due to low labour costs and fewer laws
      - Ellwood
        
        TNCs are buying less powerful countries to open up their economies to private investment
      - Bakan
        
        TNCs operate power without responsibility
    - - TNCs kickstart economic development
      - offer regular employment which supports workers and the economy
    - - free trade zones will attract TNCs
      - TNCs will kickstart economic development by encouraging countries to trade
      - tax havens may furthe attract TNCs
      - Friedman
        
        TNCs are beneficial
        
        provide jobs
        
        provide a regular wage
  - - - suicide case study
      - exploitation of workers for goods
    - - oil spill in the ivory coast
      - chose to break the law to avoid cost of responsible disposal
    - - 7 litres of water to make 1 litre of coke
      - polluted water sources in india
- - - - UK GDP per capita = 42,370
      - Malawi GDP per capita
        
        380
    - - each country measures it differently
      - doesn't identify social development
      - distribution of wealth not considered
  - - - considers social equality importance
      - explores how social development is impacted by and impacts economic development
- - - - friedman
        
        intensification of global trade
      - global economic centres
      - IMF
      - World Bank
      - Chang
        
        global economic companies keep poorer countries in a state of underdevelopment due to exploitative loans
      - Frobel
        
        TNCs have more power than individual countries
    - - global political alliances
      - EU
      - WHO
      - NATO
    - - butler and schulz
        
        mcworld
        
        cultural domination by the west
      - global diet
        
        mcdonalds
        
        36,000 restaurants
        
        in 118 countries
        
        starbucks
      - global transmission of cultural ideas
    - - beck
        
        global risk consciousness
        
        people are aware of global threats
        
        terrorism
      - Giddens
        
        global outlook
        
        people now associate with a global audience
  - - - 'compression of the world'
    - - increasing interconnectedness of the world
        
        due to the media
        
        technology
        
        trade
  - - - globalisation has had an overwhelmingly positive impact
      - chang
        
        globalisation means improved outcomes for all of humanity
    - - globalisation has damaged society
      - Chang
        
        global exploitation
    - - intersectionality between local and global knowledge
- - - - NGOS can bring about change since they are not politically tied
    - - NGOs receive government funding
- - - - 'tax havens' and export processing zones may encourage TNCs and companies to set up business in poorer countries, therefore encouraging stronger trading relations
      - free trade will encourage economic growth for a country
      - Reid-Henry
        
        global free trade is the means and desired end of development
    - - trading with other countries can help kickstart development
      - money produced can be reinvested to better existing infrastructure
      - Rostow - adopt western methods of trade to develop
    - - exploitative trading relationships with the west may be a form of neocolonialism
      - set up trading relations with other countries (BRICS)
      - western countries may buy up materials and then increase cost to buy back
      - Frank
        
        developing societies already produce crops and material, so already have a place in global trading systems
      - aid may be given providing the country follows western ideology
- - - - urbanisation encourages the spread of Western values
      - allow people to 'break free' from traditional cultural ties
    - - disease spreads more quickly
      - overwhelming healthcare system
    - - urbanisation contributes to environmental degradation
    - - lucky minority are able to find paid employment
      - majority enter informal employment which is risky
- - - - speed and depth of industrialisation are the most accurate measure of development
  - - - rapid industrialisation led to urbanisation
      - resulted in high unemployment and environmental degradation
  - - - similar to tax havens
      - attract foreign companies and TNCs to trade in the designated area due to tax benefits
      - Hoogvelt
        
        set up for benefit of western TNCs
        
        industrialisation is a good thing
    - - assists with economic development
      - builds trading relationships
      - LICs need help of TNCs and the west to industrialise
    - - unequal trading relationships are neocolonial
      - contribute to further western exploitation
- - - - spread of disease in warzones
  - - - free trading relations discourage war
      - feel that there is too much to lose
    - - developed nations are less likely to go to war
      - underdeveloped societies are more likely to fight
        
        tied to traditional culture
        
        conflict is an internal developmental barrier
    - - western countries often create wars and control from a difference
      - colonialism saw unfair drawing of borders, creating civil wars
      - conflicts are a consequence of colonialism and capitalism
    - - unemployment and poverty causes young men to join rebel armies
      - underdevelopment leads to civil war
    - - old wars vs new wars
        
        different modes of warfare
        
        brand involvement
        
        McDonalds in Palestine
        
        TNCS
        
        fund rebel groups
    - - causes of conflict are economic
      - poor government
      - unemployment
    - - privatised wars
      - individuals competing for resources and territory
    - - war impedes development
- - - - deforestation
      - pollution
        
        air
        
        water
      - desertification
      - Kingsbury
        
        environmental degradation does not respect international borders
        
        the effects can be felt worldwide
    - - traditional religions prohibit use of contraceptives
      - growing faster than is sustainable for the environment
        
        food shortages
        
        overwhelming infrastructure
      - malthusianism
        
        natural checks and balances prevented population growth, but now does not happen as much
        
        removal of poor relief
        
        some in favour of eugenics
      - neo-malthusianism
        
        ehrlich
        
        the earth's resources cannot sustain current levels of population growth
        
        in favour of sterilisation
        
        withholding food aid for countries that can be self-reliant, to reduce dependency
        
        -george
        
        distracts from Western overconsumption
        
        -Boserup
        
        predictions have not come true
        
        -Eberstat
        
        low death rate is more concerning than high birth rate
    - - set out by the UN
      - achieve by 2030
  - - - uses 7 litres of water to make 1 litre of coke
      - polluted a major water source in India
    - - oil spill on the ivory coast
      - illegally disposed of toxic waste, which damaged the environment and injured thousands of people