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Russian revolution - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Milyukov crisis occured as the prov gov sent a letter to the allies talking about their peace terms after withdrawing from war however milyukov added a note at the bottom claiming to continue to fight. when this was published his resignation was demanded and due to the uproar prince Lvov threateend to resign to force together the prov gov and the pet sov as he was head of both.
  - - - The affair damaged kerensky's reputation and weakened the prov gov. Kerensky was accused of sympathising wiht korniov as he was too delayed in stoppin the coup and not taking firm enough action sooner. Caused chernov to resign as he was critisised by the right for not standing by kornilov in his dismissal or his coup to ensure russia could remain under martail law and rule.
        Made the bolsheviks saviours of russia gaining them 33% of the vote in petrograd and 51% in moscow
        Trotsky converted from mens-bolsh and soon after became chairman of the petrograd soviet- example of a bolshevik gaining a higher position.
- - - - Tsar himself was naive and indecisive focusing only on the trivial aspects of leadership. Spoke many languages and liked art.
    - - Church began to lose credibility by 1800s and became less use to the tsar as a way of gaining and maintaining support as the uran population were less influenced by them than rural.
    - - used russian in schools, Poland, Latvia ans Finland, russian courts Baltic provinces
  - - - Most party leaders were condemned to living abroad therfore difficult to influene opinions and events Leaders were kept watch of by a Foreign Burea who harrassed leaders outside russia and kept an eye on their movement to protect the tsraist regime.
  - - - Guarenteed basic freedoms, legal TUs,Duma with real power an all class elections. this made people enthusiastic and even happy enough to split the liberals into octobrists and kadets as octobrists celebrated whereas kadets wanted further consessions(wanted a democratic constitution)
- - - - Treaty of BREST-LITOVSK meant russia lost finland, estonia,latvia,lithuana,poland,ukraine,armenia, 26% of the population, 27% of the arable land, 74% coal and iron ore which actually ended up creating a civil war as most of the lost land was left sr territory, convinient for bolshs in the elections. The terms horrifies russian army cheifs who wanted to restart the war and reclaim their losses.
    - - Red terror was a systematic campaign of terror to ensure complete submission of those living in bolsh controlled russia. bolsh were worries that the treaty of BL damaged their prestige- could be argued their prestige was already damaged after their failures in ww1 but it was resuggested to them in their poor outcome in the sov elections
        Left SRs began a campaign of assassination against bolsh assassinating the german ambassador to russia, head of the cheka and there was an attempt on lenins life.
        16000 were murdered and the tsar and family mujrdered 1918
  - - - Abolished as it put pressure on people and caused resentment towards the bolsh from the peasants who they had just given their own land to. GR was extremely unpopular and tensions had risen due to the poor harvesr and famine causing the peasants to revolt against the bolsh in 1921
        TAMBOV UPRISING occurred where 4000 peasants in open rebellion were crushed by the red army through brutal tactics and guerrilla warfare with poison and taking hostages however bolsh lost control of the railway and large areas that actually led to more food shortages
        workers were angry they had lost their chance to have a trade union and were critical of the corruption that was occuring in the bolsh high ranks especially with the cheka opening fire on many rebellng peasants.
        KRONSTADT SAILOR mutiny occured who were the bolsh main supporters therefore really highlighted their poor leadership as they produced a 15 point manifesto demanding legislation for socialist parties, new elections, trade unions, end to priveledges for bolsh however this was suprssed after 2 weeks and 10000 soldiers were killed and red army had huge losses
    - - lenin initially viewed the nep as an economic retreat and a surrender for the sake of the bolsh survival and only saw it asa temporary setback. however it was introduced too late to prevent major famine as due to GR peasants had no grfain to fall back on casuing 25 mill to be affcted. after lenins death output rose sharply and grain production bounced back up howeevr it was still lower than 1914.
        The scissor graph showed economic recovery was irratic and uncertain. the industry never recovered as much as agriculture did with grain.. as the price of food fell the price of consumer goods rose, hence the scissor graph- gov tried to correct the imbalance however lowering the price of industrial products only made companies increase the price of their consumer goods.
        POLITICAL RESULTS- the mens and SRs were suppressed to consolidate lenins iron rule and eradicate internal threats. 5000 mens were arrested, 34 SRs put on trial and the Cheka now rhe GPU had enlarged to have a network of guards to punish those who defied the bolsh rule. Bolsh stripped the church from having priveledges and separated them from the state
  - - - RW SRs were active with komuch in 1918 and wanted to win a democratic counter rev. theyb were active in samara and joined the provisional siberian gov who were expelled by conservatives
      - czech legion had 50,000 soldiers from austrain army taken prisoners by the russians in ww1. they agreed to fight for the bolsh for their freedom however on journey theyb were convinced by britishto fight against the bolsh and meant they were able to win control of most of western siberia on the western front
      - Lw SRs were the greens made up of peasants. included the army of ukraine who was led by Makhno and they were most concerned about defending their locality mostly fighting in south and central russia.
      - National minorities were promised separation if they helped the bolsh fight however overthrew them to get more resources and going against his word.
      - whites were ex tsarist armed forces eg kolchak, yudenich and denikin who had strong beleifs in property rights and to take back land from peasants and to reastablish russia with its previous boarders with no concessions- these were horrified by the drastic terms of the treaty of BL
      - reds were created at the time of the october rev. 1917 and were a collection of armed men at their disposal ready to use as war loomed. originally they wanted to create an all volunteer socialist guard however lenin became impatient and put trotsky incharge of building the army as peoples commissar of war. NEPOTISM. ex tsarist officers and military specialists were put incharge and enabled concription- gave them the advantage over whites as they had more poulation i the areas they had control of.
        there was dual command as every extsarist officer was supervised by a bolsh political commissar and the couldnt act without their approval. there was ferocious discipline and deserters were executed however still some men were poorly trained and equipped
        1918 there were 1 mil but 1921 5 mill in the army.
    - - bolsh had a number of geo advantages. controlled densly poulated areas 70 mill pop compared to whites 20 mill.
        had the main engineering factories at their disposal, controlled by the bolsh (putilov)
        they had access to the tsarist old stockpile containing 2.5 mill rifles and 12000 artillery, 28 mill shells
        they had control of the railway so they could rush reinforcements to the battlefield
        whites were so spread out that they couldnt communicate compared to the bolsh central control.
      - Kolchaks army contained 150,000 from the east linking with the czech legion taking over leazan and samara. they faced counter attacks and quarrells with the CL and had power struggles with the SRs. they were forced to retreat due to the reds and eventually kolchak was captured and shot.
      - Denikin had 150,000 men in the army and intended to join with kolchak in 1918. they beseiged tsaritsyn to try to link up with kolchak however the reds defended it and renamed it Stalingrad in the victory. 1919 another attack upon them by trotsy causing them to retreat and denikin was replaced by wrangel due to his poor leadership.
      - Yudenich had a smaller army that both the other whites but reached the outskirts of petrograd. had 15000 men however when they reached boarder in 1919 they were immediately turned back by the bolsh.
- - - - Put in place a BICAMERAL LEGISLATURE of the imperial state council that was elected via nepotism and the duma who also had members appointed by the nobility, zemstva and church.
  - - - As a back up plan the duma met in Finland issuing the VYBORG MANIFESTO demanding russians to stop paying taxes until the tsar restored the duma however they received little support.
    - - Stolypin scrapped electoral law making it more right wing and less representative after dissolving the duma due to bolshevik treasonable activities. He also enforced his land reforms and emigration policies on russia in 1907
        
        STOLYPINS POLICIES (REPRESSION) Peasants saw continuous unrest from 1000 deaths in 1906 and 3000 in 1907. Before stolypin, Durnovo (minister of interior) sent the army to crush 15000 peasants and exile 45000 to siberia highlighting that the peasants were being horrifically treated even before stolypins necktie and wagons. Government offered redemption payments to stop 3 years early in 1907 but this didnt calm their unrest as they were due to stop- felt they gained nothing. Stolypin initiated a STATE OF EMERGENCY where trials were no longer needed by courts to punish peasnatsand were not given the opportunity to have lawyers. During this point 2000 were either exiled or executed through stolypins repression.
        Revolution parties were also repressed between 1906-14 and leaders were arrested of driven to exile(Lenin) and Trotsy was imprisoned managing to escape exilation
        (REFORM) Land reforms were introduced o prolong tsarism. if peasants owned their own land it was assumed theyd attach to their private land and become more motivated aligning with the tsar and ensuring his survival. this also meant they would be incentivised to increase production helping to bring down the food prices. strips were converted into private land and the peasants land bank created in 1882 to borrow for land however only 20% peasants became private legal owners.
        Emigration to siberia was encouraged as it had mineral rich soil and was sparsly populated. Tundra and Taiga were barely habitable but economically underdeveleoped. peasnats were offered cheap land and reduced railway fairs to emigrate. 3.5 mill did but 20% failed and returned.
  - - - 1/2 mill workers went on symathy strikes in retaliation creating anti-tsarist tension
  - - - 28th of july Austria Hungary declared war on Serbia after the assassination of the Archduke Frans Ferdinand- This meant Russia was involved as Serbia were russias allies and germany were austrias allies. This triggers Russia to sign a full mobilisation order which germany demand russia cease which they dont forcing them to declare war.
    - - They went through the great retreat 1916 which weakened the army as they used open radios that could easily be intercepted and taken advantage of aswell as the fact that the brussilov offensie had to be retreated as resources depleted
    - - Zemgor provided boots, medicine to soldiers but this only made up 5% of what they needed. This spurred on prince Lvov to recall the duma as the progressive bloc wanted a partnership with the tsar, whch he denied therfore leaving them with no choice but to fimd a way for the tsar to abdicate. ABDICATED in 1917
    - - 1915 the tsar decides to take personal command of the army whic is a bad decision considering he is blamed for the entire poor decision of the russian army and means thta the tsarina and rasputin are left incharge again bad beacuse people beleve she is a german princess who is having an affair with a georgian holy man who was a suspicious peasant. This caused them problems as people attempted to murder rasputin on several occasions and could not until he was eventually shot causing tsarina to be devastated as he was incharge of healing their sons haemophilia.
        Also imposed MINISTERIAL LEAPFROG whch meant they continuosly changed who was incharge and brought instability to the country with a lack of progression