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USA- Race Relations Key Dates - Coggle Diagram
USA- Race Relations Key Dates
Free at Last
13th AMENDMENT- created by Lincoln in 1864 but ratified after Lincolns death in 1865
1866 44 million acres of land was set aside for ex slaves but by 1877 only a small fraction created own farm.
Crop lien system- where blacks were given crop as payment and not money.
FREEDMANS BUREA-1865 created after the war to help blacks recover. Provided medicine, food,shelter,schooling and legal help
Lincoln's RECONSTRUCTION PROGRAMME- 1863 former confederate states could form a government and if 10% of voters agreed to take an oath of loyalty they could be reaccepted as a state.
CIVIL RIGHTS ACTs- ratified by congress in 1866 as Johnson who succeeded Lincoln vetoed them (WD) however congress overruled him with 2/3 majority.
1867- MILITARY RECONSTRUCTION ACT divided former confederate states into 5 military districts under army rule
14th AMENDMENT - passed in 1866 and ratified in 1868 giving all citizens equal protection under the law, defined who were citizens, reversed Dred Scott case where he court ruled blacks werent citizens
TENURE OF OFFICE ACT 1867 meant the senate had to approve removal of any office holder
SCALAWAGS- southern white willing to work with reconstruction
CARPETBAGGERS- protected blacks from violence
15th AMENDMENT- 1870 ratified giving all us citizens the right to vote.
SLAUGHTERHOUSE DECISION- 1873 court ruled that 14th amendment protected national citizenship but not the rights of blacks agaisnt southern violation
KKK created in 1865 by Blanc where former confederate soldiers came together to protect whites and intimidate balcks claiming to be chivalric and humane as blacks deemed criminals
KKK ACT 1871 made lynching decline as martial law was brought in to stop kkk violence.
1870 ENFORCEMENT ACT- penalties for anyonw who interfered with a citizen
Jim Crow
1883- supreme court decided that the civil rights act was unconstitutional, 8-1 majority
ARTICLE 12- enforced a $2 poll tax to vote however most black southerners were poor so couldnt vote
1898 GRANDFATHER CLAUSE
1890 60% of black people from Mississippi were ILLIERATE
1808 Rice perfromed black face acting as a black slave on tour singing and dancing
1887- FLORIDA legal seg of railway carriages fined $500 if broken
MISSISSIPPI 1881 separate waiting rooms
SOUTH CAROLINA- 1906 separate restuarants, railways, hospitals, water fountains, hotels
this encorpourated DE FACTO segwhich meant segregation done by individuals not the state.
PLESSY VS FERGUSON 1896 sep but equal railroad accommodation,1/8 black ruled stae was powerless to stop individual racism
WILLIAM VS MISSISSIPPI- dealt with disenfranchisement of blacks 1890
CUMMING V RICHMONT COUNTY BOARD OF EDUCATION 1897 black higher education wasnt paid for
1890- 187 lynchings Texas 1893 10000 whites watched HENRY SMITH lynching were he was accused of murder, tied to a chair and dragged around- toryured with a hot iron and had eyes poked out
BOOKER T WASHINGTON made a statement about civil rights however blacks felt it was demeaning but whites thought it was asking for too much
EQUAL RIGHTS LEAGUE filed lawsuits and boycotted transports
NAACP created 1909 helped make grandfather clause unconstitutional and aimed to make americas 11 mill black population have pol,soc,eco, education freedom and equality
I have a Dream
Rosa parks arrested 1955 for not giving up bus seat Bus company lost $1 mill and 1956 supreme court upheld court decision segregated seats was a violation of the 14th amendment
BROWN VS BOARD OF EDUCATION 1954 triumphed in desegregating schools however by 1956 still not one school segregated
LITTLE ROCK ARKNSAS 1957 wanted to enroll 9 black students in central high
1957 SCLC created fighting for blacks equality with non-violent methods
1963 peaceful protest at BIRMINGHAM for end to seg in shops and a biracial committee
i have a dream speech 1963
1960 with SNCC students waited at seg lunch counter to be served - led to deseg of lunch counters
CORE freedom rides 1961, started protesting in 1942
CIVIL RIGHTS ACT 1964 Johnson announced hed pass bill in honour of JKF to bring an end to legal segregation
VOTING RIGHTS ACT 1965
Outlawed lit tests, increasing number of blacks elected in office and guarenteed blacks with vote
MLK and SCLC march to montgomery from selma 1965 aiming to gain nat attention. Johnson had to federalise national guard to protect marchers so 25000 could complete walk
1968 2nd CIVIL RIGHTS ACT
MCKISSICK took over as CORE leader 1968 advocating for black power and violence
1966 unemployment was 7.8% double white americans
Malcolm x ASSASSINATION by nation of islam gunmen 1965 left a legacy important in ghettoes and supported black nationalism
BLACK PANTHERS 1966 made up of black college students
1967 free breakfast programme for black kids
MERIDITH attmpted enrolling at mississippi uni walked 220 miles from tennessee-jackson to encourage black vote
1966 MLK took protests north protesting against vietnam war
1967 MLK expressed sympathy for vietnamese which went against johnson and politically isolating him from national decision making
1967 POOR PEOPLES CAMPAIGN help disadvantaged in non violent way
1968 SANITATION WORKERS striked as MLK saw it as an opp to lauch PPC however ended in disasterand SCLC given a fine.
Geography
1850- slavery abolished in free states only at this point still 3.2 mill slaves
1819 rivalry developed between free and slave states called SECTIONAL CONFLICT
civil war 1861 and EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION where slaves were declared free
SLOW MIGRATION to north 1865-1917 however in 1910 89% blacks still lived in confederate states due to the cost of moving
1922-23 50,000 cotton workers left south due to boll weevil
10 cents a pound in 1921 but 5 cents a pound in 1932
1910-1930 black northern pop increased by 40%
economic boom in car manufactoring 1920
1945 more blacks living in cities 80% 2/3 who moved north began returning to south
1923 RUST BELT oil crisis caused oil to go into decline so people moved back south
HARLEM RENAISSANCE 1920
98% white flight in 1950
1919 chicago race riots in RED SUMMER eugine williams public beach
tulsa race riots 1921 DICK ROWLAND accused of sexually assulting girl in lift 2000 came to lynch him
watts riot 1965 FRYE arrested for apparent drink driving, 34 deaths
NEWARK race riot 1967 mayor selected new jersey college to be built on 50 acre sights were black houses couldve been built
1970s racial public schools went through a social revolution however in 1969 there was still 68% blacks in segregated schools
New Deal
GREAT DEPRESSION 1929-1933
FDR PRESIDENT in 1933 dem
TOWERS wouldnt allow anti-lynching bill southern dem
1937 antilynching bill finally passed by non southern dems
AL SMITH southern dem joined liberty league opposing new deal creating opposition agaisnt him
1937- publicatio of CONSERVATIVE MANIFESTO- limited high fed spending on new deal
1937-38 RECESSION meant those who opposed new deal gained support as it was blamed on FDRs spending on new deal
BILBO introduced bill to releive unemployment stress by deporting all blacks
1941 3% eligable black voters in south registered
Breedlove attempted to outlaw poll tax as by 1945 it was $16.50
60% blacks were illiterate and even intelligent rosa parks failed the literacy test as they were designed to exclude blacks from voting
1933, 1934 NAACP proposed 2 anti-lynching bills however reluctant and unwilling to challenge congressmen as he needed their support for new deal
Recruited 2 lib dems to introduce bills however met with a 2 month FILIBUSTER then adjourned with no vote then reintroduced 1935 and faced another filibuster.
Elanor Roosevelt helped mary MCLEOD to be in a position to create a natinal council of negro women and became the chairperson of the black cabinet
Resettlement administration 1935 helped the rural poor 9/150 projects were black
AAA 1933 gave $100 for the farmers who killed surplus pigs/ ploughed grain making farm income increase by 58% declared UNCONSTITUTIONAL in 1936
CCC created 1933 providing work experience for young men by 1942 nearly 3 mill had gone through the programme and 1935 saw the end to racially intergrated camps
NRA 1933 raised wages via codes. textile code excluded cleaners and manual workers as they were predominantly black jobs
1934 national association of domestic workers complained $3.50 was too low a wage
TVA tennessee valley authority constructed dams for electricity but blavks excluded from model farm projects 1933
RESETTLEMENT ADMINISTRATION 1935 colourblind and helped get blacks to be self sufficient (cattle & seeds) 1938 fed funds cut off
WPA 1935 built 8000 schools and hospitals hired 5000 black teachers and taught 250,000 black kids
doubled black workers employment from 8-15%
WAGNER act 1935 including blacks in trade unions however excluded from 19 major ones and only 50,000/3.4 mill blacks included
Obamas Campaign for Presidency
2004 Obama won a seat in the senate and gave KEYNOTE SPEECH
Feb 2004 obama was 15% behind Hulls 24% in popularity poll however by march he overtook him.
won primary election 2004 by 53% against Hull
won state election by 69.9% against keyes 2004
over 1/3 republicans voted obama
2005 obama is us senator for illinois
HOPEFUND raised $1.8 mill in year 1
2007 CLINTON LED with 41% compared to obamas 17%
450,000 signed up to obamas online campaignraising $6.9 mill compared to clintons $4.2 mill
2008 obama had 36% non dem support, supported by JFKs
Obama won 54% below 30s vote in 2008 and 95% black vote
obama won 365 electoral college votes 2008
obama added 300,000 voters via voter registration campaign to democratic list during his campaign for presidency
125,000 gathered to hear result of presidency elections