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Different Types of Disabilities, OPPOSITIONAL DEFIANT DISORDER, Attention…

- - - - A flattened face, especially the bridge of the nose
      - Almond-shaped eyes that slant up
      - A tongue that tends to stick out of the mouth
    - - Congenital heart defects
      - Hearing loss
      - Obstructive sleep apnea
    - - A short neck
      - Small ears, hands, and feet
      - A single line across the palm of the hand (palmar crease)
      - Small pinky fingers
      - Poor muscle tone or loose joints
      - Shorter-than-average height
  - - - baby sign language
      - School Age (5-13 yrs)
        
        school evaluation for IEP
        
        encourage inclusion within the classroom and school setting
        
        High School Age (13-21 yr)
        
        plan for the future
        
        transition plans begin around 14 years old and should include the student
      - early intervention
      - Speech/Language Therapy - Physical Therapy - Occupational Therapy
- - - - ADHD was originally called hyperkinetic reaction - 1960s is when it was found to be mental disorder
        
        1980s is when the name changed to attention deficit disorder with or without hyperactivity The History of ADHD
        
        WHAT CAUSES ADHD
        
        Support Services for ADHD on IEP and 504
        
        Extra time on tests.
        
        Instruction and assignments tailored to the child.
        
        Positive reinforcement and feedback.
        
        Using technology to assist with tasks.
        
        Allowing breaks or time to move around.
        
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- - - - Vitamin D deficiency was found to be more common in children with ASD.
      - Nature Neuroscience discovered that there are four subtypes of autism. These distinct subtypes are categorized by brain activity, behaviors, and communication.
      - Out of 6,000 families, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL) researchers found that autistic children are more likely to share their father’s genome- which changed the previously considered narrative that it was from the mother’s genome. This is especially common if the family has two or more children with ASD.
    - - Limited evidence based treatments for core symptoms and comorbidities
      - Lack of awareness and under-recognition of ASD
    - - Neurodiversity-affirming
        
        Prioritizing autistic perspectives
        
        Prioritizing accessible research
        
        Recognizing intersectionality
  - - - Behavioural supports – behavioural support, such as Behavior Intervention Plans (BIPs) and Applied Behaviour Analysis (ABA), are widely used to help people with autism learn new skills, improve communication and their social interactions, and reduce challenging behaviours.
      - Speech therapy – many people with autism experience difficulties with their speech and language. Speech therapy can help to improve communication skills.
      - Occupational therapy – occupational therapy focuses on developing everyday life skills, such as fine motor skills, self-care routines and sensory integration. People with autism may benefit from occupational therapy in order to improve their independence and ability to participate in daily activities.
      - Educational support – people with autism often benefit from a Individualized Education Program (IEP) which is tailored to their unique needs but often within a mainstream setting. It outlines educational goals, services, accommodations, and progress monitoring
      - Mental Health Support: School counselors and psychologists provide individual and group counseling to address emotional and behavioral issues.
  - - - Free and Appropriate Public Education (FAPE): An education that is tailored to his or her special needs and a placement that will allow them to make educational progress.
      - Least Restrictive Environment (LRE): The child should be placed in the environment in which he or she has the greatest possible opportunity to interact with children who do not have a disability and to participate in the general education curriculum. This is commonly referred to as mainstreaming or inclusion. In the general education setting, providing the least restrictive environment can sometimes be accomplished with accommodations, such as using a one-on-one aide who is trained to work with children with autism.
      - Special Education services: Special education focuses on providing the child with an education, regardless of disabilities or special needs. The document that spells out the child's needs and how these needs will be met is the Individualized Education Program (IEP).
      - Extended School Year (ESY) services: If there is evidence that a child experiences a substantial regression in skills during school vacations, he or she may be entitled to ESY services. These services would be provided over long breaks from school (summer vacation) to prevent substantial regression, but not to acquire new skills.
  - - - Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurological and developmental disorder that affects how people interact with others, communicate, learn, and behave.
        According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), a guide created by the American Psychiatric Association that health care providers use to diagnose mental disorders, people with ASD often have:
        -Difficulty with communication and interaction with other people
        -Restricted interests and repetitive behaviors
        -Symptoms that affect their ability to function in school, work, and other areas of life
        Autism is known as a “spectrum” disorder because there is wide variation in the type and severity of symptoms people experience.