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paper 2 - Coggle Diagram
paper 2
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Changing Economic world
key ideas/definitions
DEVELOPMENT: progress in economic growth, use of technology and improving quality of life experienced in a country
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development indicators
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human development index: combines GNI per head, life expectancy and education level. Gives values between 1 and 0
gross national income: total value of goods and services produced in a year divided by the population
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Nigeria NEE case study
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TNC - Shell Oil: - located on the Niger Delta - discovery of oil in 1958
:check: made major contributions in taxes and export revenue
:check: directly employs 65,000 Nigerian workers and 250,000 jobs in related industries
:check: gives 91% of its contracts out to Nigerian companies
:check: played an important role in supporting growth of Nigeria emerging energy sectors
:red_cross: oil spills have caused water pollution and soil degredation reducing agricultural production and fishing yields
:red_cross: frequent oil flare send toxic fumes into the air effecting the health of local people and wildlife
:red_cross: oil theft and sabotage reduce production levels and cost the company billions
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international aid
why nigeria receives aid: - infant mortality rates are high and life expectancy is low
- one of the highest death rates from malaria in the world
- many people still poor
- people have limited access to services including safe water, sanitation and reliable electricity
- more than 60% of the population live on less than one dollar a day
in 2013 aid made up 0.5% of the GDP most comes from individual countries eg UK + USA with some from international organisations and charities eg the world bank
reasons aid may not be effective:
- donors may have political influence
- aid may have been used to build the navy
- corruption in government
- government may divert money and use it for other purposes
Aduwan Health centre:
- community did not have a health centre
- area had high incidence of HIV/AIDS and high infant mortality rate
:check: trains local women to educate mothers about vaccinating their children
:check: tests for HIV and other infections
:check: immunises children against polio
impacts of aid:
:check:reduces dependency on oil exports
:check: education and protection against the spread of HIV/AIDS
:check: support packages for orphans and vulnerable children
:check: education on malaria prevention and distribution of mosquito nets
:check: health and education in rural areas
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Economic features of UK
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post industrial economy: a transition from manufacturing industries being dominant to service industries being dominant
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Cambridge science park: opened in 1970 - located in the north of the city 80km from London
- close to M1
- over 12500 information, technology and biotechnology companies located there
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Area of pop growth - South Cambridgeshire: - population of 150,000 increasing due to migration
social impacts:
80% car ownership leafing to increased traffic congestion on narrow country roads and reduced demand for public transport
- modern development of old farm building has reduced community spirit but has provided jobs
- increasing number of migrants has put pressure on local services
economic:
- house prices increasing causing people to move away
- commuters continue to use services in the place where they work having negative effect on rural economy
- reduction in agriculture employment as farmers sell their land for construction - reduces jobs in agricultural industry but may provide more jobs in construction
- lack of affordable housing for younger generation
Area of population decline: Outer Hebrides - population of 27,400
- 50% decline since 19001
- most live on island of lewis
social impacts:
- number of school children expected to fall which may result in school closure
- an increasing ageing population with fewer young people to support them may lead to car issues in the future
- fish farms have developed but these do not require large number of employees and there are environmental concerns
- there was a 27% increase in the number of visitors to the island between 2007 and 2014 but islands lack of services to provide for then/lack of jobs in service industry
economic impacts:
- large foreign owned commercial companies dominate deep fishing in the hebrides often employing people outside of the area
- many younger people moving away there will be fewer people of working age
- decline in number of registered fishing boats impacting fishing industry
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north south divide
Evidence:
- average household disposable income £7000 lower in the north
- house prices are cheaper in the north suggesting they are less disirable
- pupils in the south 40% more likely to achieve top GCSE grades in the south suggesting education is ore developed/receives more investment
- life expectancy is lower in the north by around 10 years
devolved powers- government giving councils in the north of England more power - more control of their areas and more money to spend on region specific projects
enterprise zones and LEP's
- business rate discount of up to £275,00 a year over 5 year period
- ensuring the provision of superfast broadband
- financial allownces for plant and machinery
- simpler planning regulation
- since 2011, 24 new enterprise zones have been created to encourage the establishment of new businesses in the north
LEPS: - voluntary partnerships between local authorities and business
- 39 in England
- aim to identify business needs in the local area and encourage companies to invest
- jobs created boosting the economy
northern powerhouse: - introduced in 2015 to help baance wealth and influence of london and south east
- involves developinge economies of cities such as liverpool manchester and tourism in rural areas
- foreign investment has been encouraged in the north
improving transport links: - HS2 between london and the north being built (northern section cancelled now will stop at Birmingham)
- new Liverpool 2 deep-water container port
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Resource Management
key ideas/definitions
FOOD: needed to avoid undernourishment and malnourishment which can limit children's development and increase disease risk
WATER: clean, safe water needed for drinking cooking and washing. Also needed to produce product such as food and clothes
SANITATION: prevents the pollution of water sources by raw sewage, and water borne diseases eg cholera
RESOURCE AVAILABILITY: energy reserves, environment suited to food production
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ENERGY: needed for industry , transport and home use. Can power pumps for wells to provide safe water
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FOOD MILES: the distance food is transported from the time of its production until it reaches the consumer
Resources in the UK
water
growing demand - rose by 5% 2016-2020 due to:
- growing population
- more houses being built
- an increase in the use of domestic appliances
demand in the uk:
- manufacturing 5%
- services 13%
- leakage 21%
- households 47%
- other 14%
each person in the UK uses 140 litres of water a day
main sources of water are rivers, reservoirs and groundwater aquifers. Currently the UK receives enough rain to supply the demand however rainfall is not evenly spread
provision of water
north and west have a water surplus - high rainfall due to moist air from the Atlantic, high relief, low evaporation rates and plenty of potential reservoir sites. These areas have relatively low pop. density
south and east have a water deficit - most densely populated part of the country and has lowest annual rainfall because they are in the rain shadow
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managing water stress
increasing supply :
- building more reservoirs
- water transfer schemes
water transfer scheme:
benefits:
- balance supply and demand over great distances
- Jobs will be created as part of the construction of dams, aqueducts and pipelines
- potential for creation of wetland habitats
costs:
- enormous cost
- impact on wildlife habitats
- greenhouse gas emissions from pumping of water
decreasing demand:
- repair leaking pipes
- install water meters
- using appliances with lower consumption
- grey water recycling
water quality
pollution from:
- fertiliser and pesticide in agriculture
- untreated sewage released by water companies
- run off from roads and towns containing pollutants such as oil
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pollution effecting health of freshwater and wetland species - affects biodiversity and fishing industry
work of EA:
- monitoring the quality of river water
- imposing strict regulations on the use of water
- filtering water to remove sediment
- restricting recreational use of water sources
food
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alternatives to importing food:
- eating seasonal produce
- eating locally produced food to reduce food miles and support local farmers
- grow food at home or on an allotment
energy
demand:
- consumption decreased in the last decade because manufacturing industry has decreased and technology has become more efficient
energy mix
- 46% generated by burning coal and natural gas
- 20% from nuclear power plants which pose a large radiation risk
75% of UK own energy sources have been exhausted therefore it is cheaper to import energy than to extract fossil fuels
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Fracking
pushing high-pressure liquids underground which causes the shale rock to crack and natural gas to escape
BENEFITS:
- jobs created
- reduces our dependency on imported energy
- shale gas produces less greenhouse gases when burnt than coal
- increasing energy supply reduces prices
COSTS:
- millions of gallons of water required
- chemicals can contaminate drinking water supplies
- small earthquake can be caused
- loud process that causes noise pollution
- shale gas produces greenhouse gas when burnt
- money pent on fracking could be spent on renewable energy research instead
Water
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WATER STRESS: where demand exceeds supply. This can cause hosepipe bands, public warning and quotas on the amount used by companies and organisations
impact of water insecurity:
- waterborne disease - lack of infrastructure = little sanitation
- pollution - from sewage + industry
- food shortages - agriculture uses 70% of global water supply, water shortage = less food production
- conflict - water sources eg rivers and groundwater cross through national and political borders
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