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Eng Hum Y8 Q4 summative - Coggle Diagram

- - - - :warning: Stamp Act 1765
        
        British Action
        
        A tax law requiring colonists to purchase special stamps to prove payment of tax
        
        Colonial Reaction
        
        outraged, since they never payed direct tax before
        
        the colonists believed the British government violated their "Natural Rights", because they have no representation in the Parliament
      - :warning: 1767 Townshend Acts
        
        British Action
        
        Britain taxes certain colonial imports and stations troops at major colonial ports to protest customs officers
        
        Colonial Reaction
        
        Colonists protest “taxation without representation” and organize a new boycott of imported goods
      - :warning: 1770 Boston Massacre
        
        British Action
        
        British troops stationed in Boston are taunted by an angry mob. The troops fire into the crowd, killing five colonists.
        
        Colonial Reaction
        
        Colonial agitators label the conflict a massacre and publish a dramatic engraving depicting the violence.
      - :warning: 1773 Tea Act
        
        British Action
        
        Britain gives the East India Company special concessions in th colonial tea business and shuts out colonial tea merchants.
        
        Colonial Reaction
        
        Colonists in Boston rebel, dumping 18000 pounds of East India Company tea into Boston Harbor (though it didn’t really work because they did not open the waterproof boxes)
      - 1774 Intolerable Acts
        
        British Action
        
        King George III tightens control over Massachusetts by closing Boston Harbor and quartering troops.
        
        Colonial Reaction
        
        Colonial leaders form the First Continental Congress and draw up a declaration of colonial rights.
  - - - 1775 Battle of Bunker Hill
        
        Shows the ability of the Americans
      - 1777 Battle of Saratoga — Convinces the French to declare war on GBE
      - 1781 Battle of Yorktown — Ends the war with American victory
      - 1783 Treaty of Paris — USA recognized with new borders
      - 1775 Battle of Lexington & Concord
        
        Where the war starts at
      - the British colonists raise their army and organize for a battle
      - British > Americans
        
        British military forces are much better than the poorly trained colonists
        
        British have advanced weapons
      - Americans > British
        
        American soldiers were much more motivated, as they were fighting for their homeland
        
        British Generals were over confident, making strategic mistakes
        
        The cost of war for Britain is too expensive
        
        Louis XVI of France helped in 1778
        
        they're more flexible soldiers rather than British infantries
    - - Officially declares the colonies as a separate country from Great Britain
      - on Second Continental Congress
      - written by Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin
  - - - The idea of feminism developed
      - abolition of slaver in 1888
      - the end of serfdom
  - - - restraints
        
        prevented British colonists from selling their most valuable products to all countries except to Britain
        
        Colonists needs to pay high tax to imported goods
      - benefits
        
        the British government brought colonists raw materials and sold at cheap prices
    - - Effects:
        
        :+1: England won, took French colonizations in North America
        
        :-1: England run up huge debt after war
        
        British government hopes the colonists can pay for the costs through taxing them, known as the Stamp Act
  - - - established the federal system with no monarchs
      - three branches of government which monitors each other
      - "Bill of rights" guarantees civil rights and liberties to the individual
- - - - Bible, Greeks & Roman works
    - - Classical texts that don't always agree
        (controversial between ideas of different scholars)
    - - Questioning the church authorities
    - - Experimentation, Observation, and Logic
  - - - Natural laws is based upon science, reason & logic, rather than tradition and common sense
      - Natural law is connected to Economics
        
        Natural laws govern the availability and distribution of resources; consequently, economics analyze the supply and demand
      - Natural law deeply influences the Government
        
        John Locke argues that natural law has been a fundamental basis for the recognition and protection of human rights. Therefore, Life, Liberty, property became the essential for government
    - - Natural Laws explains how God "works", while not replacing it
        
        According to Natural Laws, god created the universe, then let it work on its own
    - - Relationship between Ruler & State
        
        Right to govern
        
        Scientific Method
        
        Old Science
        
        New Science
        
        Scholars generally relied on common sense, church teachings, ancient authorities to explain the world (eg. geocentric astronomy地心说)
        
        scholars use observation, experimentation, and scientific reasoning to gather knowledge and draw conclusions about the physical world (eg. Heliocentric Astronomy日心说)
        
        The monarch's rule is justified as divine (eg. Jesus)
        
        The government power comes from the consent of the governed. People determine the power of the ruler. (eg. Democracy)
        
        citizens exist to serve the monarch
        
        the monarch serve the citizens
      - American colonists considered themselves to be subjects of the British king
        
        Colonists asserted their right to declare independence, forming a new country
- - - - First Estate
        
        made up of Roman Catholic Church clergy, approximately <1% population
        
        Owned 10% of the land
        
        They scorn the ideas of Enlightenment and thought it will threaten their status
      - Second Estate
        
        Rich nobles, approximately 2% population
        
        Owned 20% of the land and paid almost no taxes to the government
        
        They disagree with Enlightenment
      - Third Estate
        
        made up of middle class, workers and peasants, approximately 97% of the population
        
        They usually have low wages, paid high taxes, and lacked privileges
        
        They believed strongly in the Enlightenment ideas of liberty and equality (especially the educated middle class)
    - - Inspired by the success of the American Revolution
      - Demand of Equality, Liberty and Democracy
    - - bad weather caused widespread crop failures
      - burden taxes & high cost of living
      - debt from previous kings
    - - he and his wife Marie Antoinette spends extravagantly
      - did not paid attention to government advice
      - started to solve problem until he has no money
  - - - Strategy on no money left: imposing taxes on the nobles —> Second Estate forced him to call the Estates-General meeting to approve the new tax: 1789, May 5, Versailles
        
        The two privileged estates could always outvote the Third Estate
        
        The delegate from the 3rd estate were eager to make changes —> all 3 estates meet together and that each delegate have a vote
        
        Which in fact give the advantage to the Third estate but eventually failed ❌
        
        Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès suggested that the delegates in the Third estate name themselves the National Assembly
        
        1st deliberate act of revolution
        
        And then they found out they were locked out of the meeting room :(
        
        Broke down a door of an indoor tennis court, pledging to stay until they had drawn up a new constitution, this event is the TENNIS COURT OATH
        
        Rumors then later spread about Louis using forces to dismiss the National Assembly / Massacre French citizens
        
        People began to gather weapons in order to defend the city against attack
        
        A mob searching for gunpowder and arms stormed the Bastille, a Paris prison, seized the control of the building, July 14
        
        The Great symbolic act of revolution to the French people, Bastille Day has been a French national holiday since then
        
        The Great fear: a wave of senseless panic cause by rumors of nobles hiring outlaws to terrorize the peasants
        
        The peasants become outlaws themselves by arming with pitchforks and other farm tools, breaking into nobles’ houses and destroyed old legal papers and bound them to pay feudal dues
        
        October 1789, thousands of Parisian women rioted over the rising price of bread: Demanded the National Assembly to take action + Angry at the King & Queen (Broke into the palace, killed some guards)
        
        Louis’ whole family leaving Versailles after a few hours
        
        Signaled the change of power and radical reforms about to overtake France
        
        The 1st & 2nd state dominated the meetings throughout the Middle Ages
    - - Noblemen joined the National Assembly and swept away the privileges of the 1st and 2nd Estates, marks the end of the Old Regime August 4, 1789
      - 3 weeks later, the National Assembly published the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
        
        Influenced by the Declaration of Independence
        
        “Men are born and remain free and equal in rights (— liberty, property, security, resistance to oppression) ” which evolved into “liberty, equality, fraternity” as the slogan of the revolution
        
        Guaranteed equal justice, freedom of speech, freedom of religion
      - The assembly took over Church lands and declared that Church officials were to be selected & paid as state officials —> Church lost the lands & political independence —> the sale of the lands helped pay off France’s debt
        
        However, many peasants opposed with this action since the believe that the pope should rule over a church independent of the state
      - In June 1791, Louis XVI and his whole family tried to leave the country but failed
      - In September 1791, the National Assembly completed the new constitution
        
        Legislative Assembly: had the power to create laws & to approve/reject declarations of war, however the king still held the executive power to enforce laws
        
        Created.a limited constitutional monarchy (君主立宪 ) which stripped the king of much of his authority
      - Problem: the old problems remained —> Legislative Assembly to split into 3 groups:
        
        Radicals: opposed ideas of monarchy & wanted sweeping changes in the way the govt. was run. (激进派)
        
        Moderates: wanted some changes, but not as much as radicals
        
        Conservatives: wanted limited monarchy & wated few changes in the govt.
        
        Factions outside the legislative assembly:
        
        Émigrés: wanted to undo the revolution and restore the Old Regime (Nobles and some others that had fled France)
        
        Sans-culottes: wanted to bring even more changes (Workers)
      - Some countries were afraid that similar revolts might break out in their own countries, therefore some countries like Prussia & Austria urged France to restore Louis’ position
      - Response: War declaration in April 1792
        
        Prussian guys demanded to destroy Paris if the revolution harmed any member of the royal family —> enraged Parisians —> the mob massacred royal guards & imprisoned Louis & his family
        
        Rumors spread in the city (again) about the king planned to break out and seize control of the city —> enraged Parisians —> raided prisons & murdered 1000+ prisoners
        
        Under the pressure, the Legislative Assembly set aside the Constitution of 1791, declared the king deposed, dissolved the assembly, and called for the election of a new legislature
        
        After the control of the National Convention, the war continued, with more enemies(GBE, Holland, Spain joined) —> 800,000 people in the army
      - The National Convention took office on Sep. 21
        
        Quickly abolished monarchy
        
        Declared France a republic
        
        Most of the people involved in the govt. changes were members of a radical political organization, the Jacobin club
        
        Important people: Jean-Paul Marat, called for death of all those supported the king; Georges Danton, one of the most talented & passionate speakers, known for his devotion to the rights of the poor people in Paris
        
        The convention found Louis XVI guilty & on Jan. 21, 1793, 路易十六断头啦～～～
      - In the early months of 1793, Maximilien Robespierre (一定要记！！！） slowly gained power, he built a “republic of virtue” by wiping out every trace of France’s past (e.g. changed the calendar, closed all churches in Paris etc.)
      - In July 1793, Robespierre governed France virtually as a dictator, and the period of his rule became know as the Reign of Terror: The committee of public safety started to make “enemies” 断头 (guillotined) and he tried to justify his actions, about 40,000 were executed during the Terror
      - In 1793-1794, some leaders of the revolution were dead just because they are considered less radical than Robespierre, later even Danton found himself in danger. In July 1794, the National Convention arrested Robespierre and executed him on July 28, 1794, where he got 断头 and marks the end of the radical phase of the French Revolution
      - The directory: a two-house legislature & an executive body of five men, brought a period of peace of France even though they were corrupt
    - - In a nutshell of Napoleon’s early career: joined the army (artillery) of the new government, had several victories and had been seen as the savior of the French Republic
      - By 1799, the Directory had lost control of the political situation of the French people, and Napolean’s friend urged him to seize political power, and in November 1799 they dissolved the Directory
      - They established a ground of 3 consuls & one of them was Napoleon, he assumed the powers of a dictator. A sudden power seizure is know as coup, from the French phrase coup d’état
      - After Napolean’s control, France won the war, all three nations signed peace agreements, Europe was at peace for the first time in 10 yrs by 1802
      - His overall plan at governing: support laws that would both strengthen the central govt. and achieve some goals of the Revolution
        
        Solid economy: An efficient tax collection method and a national banking system was created, which promoted sound financial management.
        
        Corruption & inefficiency in government: dismisses corrupt officials, set-up lycées (government-run public schools)
        
        Religion: signed a concordat with Pope Pius VII, which recognizes the influence of the Church but rejects Church control in National affairs
        
        Law system: the comprehensive system of laws, Napoleonic Code, gave the country a uniform set of laws & eliminates injustice HOWEVER actually limited liberty & promoted order and authority over individual rights, restored slavery
      - His ambition was big: he wanted to control the rest of Europe & reassert French power in the Americas. And he actually did (at least part of).
      - After failing in taking back colonies in America, he sold the Louisiana Territory to the US for 15 mil dollars for: 1. Gain finance operations in Europe and 2. Punish British
      - He already annexed the Austrian Netherlands, parts of Italy, and the Switzerland govt. is a puppet govt. of his. Fearful of his ambitions, the British, Russia, Austria, Sweden joined against France. And Napolean’s crushed the oppositions.
      - By 1812, the only areas in Europe free of French Empire’s control were Britain, Portugal, Sweden, the Ottoman Empire. Most countries were 1. A puppet govt. of his 2. Supposedly independent countries but under his control 3. Loosely attached to his empire through alliances
      - However the French Empire was huge but unstable. There are mainly 3 reasons that caused the downfall:
        
        In Nov. 1806, Napolean’s set up a blockade (closing of ports) to prevent all trade & communication between GBE & other European countries, this policy was called the Continental System, however because the system was not tight enough & his allies disregarded the blockade, Napolean was unable to destroy GBE’s economy.
        
        In order for Portugal to accept the system, Napolean sent armies through Spain but the Spainish protested and were enraged because they afraid that the actions in the French Revolution (banning Churches) would be happening to them (as they were devout Catholics). The Spanish peasant fighters guerrillas won the Peninsular War while weakened the French empire
        
        Because of the breakdown of French & Russian alliance, Napoleon decided to invade Russia HOWEVER because of the scorched-earth policy that let the enemy have no food to eat + decreasing temperatures, causing Napoleon’s ragged, retreating army in extreme exhaustion, hunger, cold, making only 10,000 soldiers back while they had 422,000 soldiers before the war.
      - Napoleon’s enemies quickly taked advantage of his weakness and had war with France. Most of the troops were untrained and not prepared for battle, therefore in 1814 Apr. Napoleon gave up his throne and surrendered.
      - The throne was passed to Louis XVIII however he was suspected of wanting to undo the Revolution’s land reforms, therefore Napoleon became the emperor again in 1815 Mar. 1st. Unfortunately, he lost again at Waterloo, Belgium, meaning the last bid of his power is gone, called the Hundred Days.
    - - Overall Goal: Establish long-lasting peace & stability on the continent
      - Representatives of Russia, Prussia, Austria, GBE, France made the decisions during the winter of 1814-1815
      - Most influential one: Prince Klemens von Metternich, foreign minister of Austria
      - Metternich distrusted the democratic ideals of the french revolution, he wanted to keep things as they were & remarked
      - 3 Goals of Metternich:
        
        Wanted to prevent future French aggression by surrounding France with strong countries;
        
        The former Austrian Netherlands & Dutch Republic were united to form the Kingdom of the Netherlands;
        
        A Group of 39 German states were loosely joined as the newly created German Confederation, dominated by Austria;
        
        Switzerland was recognized as an independent nation;
        
        The Kingdom of Sardinia in Italy was strengthened by the addition of Genoa (一个港口城市).
        
        Wanted to restore a balance of power, so that no country would be a threat to others;
        
        France remained a major but diminished European power: If France was severely punished then it might lead to revenge; If they broke up France other countries might become threats too.
        
        He wanted to restore Europe's royal families to the thrones they had held before Napoleon's conquests.
        
        The ruling families of France, Spain, and several states in Italy and Central Europe gained their thrones again, it was believed to stabilize political relations among the nations.
      - The Congress of Vienna was a political triumph: for the first time, the nations of an entire continent had cooperated to control political affairs, and created a time of peace in Europe for nearly 40 yrs. It was a victory for the conservatives. It left a legacy that would influence world politics for the next 100 yrs. Nationalism would be spread and these feelings would turn into revolutions and new nations. Also, ideas of power had changed, people saw the benefits of democracy, leading to a new era in the world.
      - However, the seeds of the French Revolution had set new political ideas in motion. France after 1815 was divided politically: conservatives & liberals that wanted king to share more power with the legislatures, and many people lower classes remained committed to the ideals of the French Revolution.
      - Late in 1815, Czar Alexander I (Russia), Emperor Francis I of Austria & King Frederick William III of Prussia signed an agreement called the Holy Alliance that they would combat the forces of revolution together if any revolutions break out. A series of alliances devised by Metternich called the Concert of Europe ensured the content in the Holy Alliance.
      - Influenced by the French Revolution, Mexico, Brazil & other regions in Latin America had a revolt and claimed the independence.
- - - - Shoot as much as.possible at the same location / target
    - - Soldiers moving from location to location
    - - Infantries stand in a square, protection against cavalry
- - - - Economics
        
        Official Definition: The branch of knowledge concerned with the production, consumption, and transfer of wealth.
      - Scarcity
        
        Official DefL The basic fact of life that there exists only a finite amount of human & nonhuman resources which the best technical knowledge is capable of using to produce only limited maximum amounts of each economic good.
      - Capitalism
        
        An economic &/ political system in which a country's trade & industry are controlled by private owners for profit.
      - Adam Smith
        
        18th century Scottish philosopher & economist, Wrote The Wealth of Nations in 1776, which providing the foundation for capitalism & the beginning of economics as a professional field of study
      - "Invisible Hand"
        
        A metaphor for the unseen forces that move the free market economy, through individual self-interest and freedom of production & consumption, the best interest of society, as a whole, are fulfilled.
      - Laissez-faire
        
        Governments choosing to not interfere with the workings of the free market
    - - abandoning Mercantilism
      - free-trade policy & free market
      - the development of transnational large-scale businesses
      - new practice of banking & finance
      - Capitalism
        
        Benefits
        
        increased standard of living
        
        increased availability, affordability, and variety
        
        more job opportunity in factories
        
        Harms
        
        Monopolists dominate industries
        
        monopolists influenced the politics
  - - - Wealthy landowners began buying up much of the land that causes a dramatically improved farming methods, these innovations end up being an agricultural revolution
      - It cause 1. landowners tried new agricultural methods (for example crop rotation & seed drill) & 2. they forced small farmers to become tenant farmers or to give up farming and move to the cities
      - Livestock breeders improved their methods too, causing England's population to mushroom (as food supply and living conditions improved), and because the lost of land for the farmers, they became factory workers (most of them).
    - - Water power & coal to fuel the new machines
      - Iron ore to construct machines tools and buildings
      - Rivers for inland transportation (later replaced by railroad)
      - Harbors from which merchant ships set sail
      - Expanding Economy (Britain's highly developed banking system)
    - - A tremendous advantage over other countries
      - The military successes gave the British a positive attitude.
    - - Land, Labor, Wealth
      - British had all of the factors of production while other countries only had some
    - - In 1733 梭形纺织机(Flying shuttle): doubled the work a weaver could do in a day
      - Later in 1764 James Hargreaves invented a spinning wheel, (其实就是珍妮纺纱机）, named after her daughter (spinning jenny) allowed one spinner to work 8 threads at a time.
      - Water frame was invented in 1769 which uses waterpower from rapid streams to drive spinning wheels by Richard Arkwright
      - Spinning mule in 1779 combined features of the spinning jenny and the water frame by Samuel Crompton
      - Edmund Cartwright's power loom sped up weaving after 1787
      - In 1793 an American inventor named Eli Whitney invented a machine to speed the chore of removing seeds from the raw cotton which skyrocketed the production of cotton
    - - Parliament helped encourage and protect business ventures
      - Helped inventors to invent more meaningful inventions
    - - Because that these machines were bulky and expensive machines, wealthy textile merchants set up the machines in large buildings called factories (代替手工工场). Because factories needed waterpower, so the first ones were built near rivers and streams.
    - - In 1765 Watt's steam engine was invented which made it faster and more efficient to run while burning less fuel
      - Robert Fulton built a steamboat called the Clermont which made its first successful trip in 1807, which later leads to a creation of a network of canals that slashed the cost transporting both raw materials an finished goods
      - In the early 1800s McAdam equipped road beds with a layer of large stones for drainage and placed a carefully smoothed layer of crushed rock, making it even in rainy weather heavy wagons could travel over the new roads
      - In 1804 Richard Trevithick ended up success in an experiment which hauled ten tons of iron over nearly ten miles of track in a steam-driven locomotive
      - Later in 1821 George Stephenson which was a railroad engineers worked on the world's first railroad line which was from the Yorkshire coal fields to the ports of Stockton on the North Sea and the railroad opened in 1825.
      - Later in 1830 The Liverpool-Manchester Railway officially opened.
      - Major effects:
        
        Railroads spurred industrial growth as giving manufactures a cheap way to transport products
        
        Created new jobs for railroad workers and miners
        
        Boosted Agricultural and fishing industries
        
        Made Travelling easier
- - - - Superior conditions allow Britain to be the first country to industrialize
      - prohibited British engineers to leave Britain, but their control proved insufficient
    - - British engineers came to other parts of Europe to copy British factories and machines there, which starts the industrialization in other areas of Europe
      - Countries involved
        
        US Early 1800s
        
        Belgium 1820s
        
        France 1840s
        
        Germany 1850s
        
        Japan 1870s
        
        Russia 1890s
      - allows Europe to colonize (Imperialism)
    - - Obstacles to Industrial Growth
        
        Geography: Lack of resources
        
        Political Stability
        
        War: French revolution, Napoleonic wars
        
        Social structures