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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) - Coggle Diagram
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Definition & Characteristics
Variety of Related Disorders
Affect social development and communication
Include repetitive motor movements
Communication Deficits
Inappropriate responses in conversations
Difficulty building friendships
Misreading nonverbal interactions
Behavioral Manifestations
Overly dependent on routines
Highly sensitive to changes
Intense focus on inappropriate items
Developmental Disability
Evident before age three
Affects educational performance
Repetitive Activities & Sensory Issues
Resistance to change
Unusual sensory responses
Core Symptoms
Social Communication Deficits
Difficulty in social-emotional reciprocity
Deficits in nonverbal communication
Challenges in developing relationships
Restricted, Repetitive Behaviors
Stereotyped or repetitive speech/movements
Adherence to routines
Fixated interests
Hyper/hypo-reactivity to sensory input
Historical Context
Bleuler, E.: Coined "autism" - self-absorbed
Asperger, H.: Defined Asperger's Syndrome
Average intelligence, normal language, narrow interests
Kanner, L.: Differentiated autism from schizophrenia
No social connections, language deficits, no deterioration
Prevalence
Global Comparisons: Lower than in the US, Japan, Denmark, Australia
Rising Numbers: Due to better awareness and detection
Singapore: 1 in 150 children
Causes & Theories
Neurochemical Differences: Impairments in brain’s frontal lobe, serotonin, dopamine levels
Environmental Factors: Exposure to harmful substances during pregnancy
Genetics: Higher concordance in twins
Debunked Theories: Refrigerator mother, childhood vaccines
Diagnosis
Severity Levels
Level 2: Requiring substantial support
Level 3: Requiring very substantial support
Level 1: Requiring support
DSM-5 Criteria
Symptoms present in early childhood
Restricted, repetitive behaviors
Significant impairment in functioning
Persistent deficits in social communication and interaction
Instructional Strategies
Explicit Instruction: Step-by-step guidance
Social Rules Teaching: Role-playing, social stories
Concrete Instructions: Short and clear
Interest-Based Learning: Incorporate motivations
Visual Aids: Enhance understanding
Support Strategies
Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA)
Identify causes of behavior
Find replacement behaviors
Calming Techniques
Quiet places, fidget toys, preferred snacks, tight hugs
Instructional Content
Visual Strategies, Concrete-Representational-Abstract Sequence (CRAS), Social Skills Groups, Social Stories, PECS
Modeling & Shoebox Tasks
Use videos for learning, repetitive tasks
Physical Environment
Structured Environment
Different activity areas, independent workstations
Time-out corners for regulation
Routine, small teacher-student ratio
Individualized Visual Schedules
Predict activities, encourage flexibility
Count-down calendars for upcoming events