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Cyberdeviance and cybercrime - Coggle Diagram

- - - - general strain theory from criminology is a theory that was primarily used for offline but now being used for online (Old wine new bottle)
        
        Online disinhibition effect this is new wine in a new bottle. Theory specifically for the online world and it is explaining online behaviour.
        
        Cyberfraud is old wine in a new bottle
        
        Ways to do fraud are both online and offline. Old practice has been applied to a new setting.
        
        Putting a virus on a persons computer to mine bitcoin is an example of new wine in a new bottle
  - - - There is a lot of sample variation (Kowalski et al, 2019) and that matters if one is trying to make cyberbullying generalisations as it assumes that it is one homogenous whole.
        
        The period of time that is asked about varies and that is a problem (Kowalski et al, 2019)
        
        Both bullies and victims are reluctant to report
  - - - 2 added ones (perceived privacy and social facilitation)
      - Benign and toxic
      - There is a lack of authority and there is dissociative anonymity (so we think no one can punish us) which is the degree to which we feel as though we can hide our identity.
    - - Developed from crowd psychology. Cues are filtered out due to CMC.
        
        There are a lot of cues that are missing online
        
        Fcous shifts to group cues that indicate group membership and they become more prominent.
      - General strain theory (Agnew, 1992)
        
        There are three sources of strain 1. Failure to get positively valued goals 2. loss of positive valued stimuli 3. presentation of negative stimuli
        
        Strain is the frustration or anger that is caused by differences between reality and the ideal
  - - - Outcomes of CB
        
        LSE, Depression, Anxiety, suicidal ideation, poorer academic performance
    - - GST- more strain leads to anger and that means the person does it (Hay et al, 2010)
    - - The bullies intent is often not factored in. So people with ADHD might have higher rates. Inappropriate social interactions.
    - - People who score high for PIU
        
        People with ADHD or ASC
      - LSE
  - - - Deception, Aggression, Disruption and Success
      - Who do they target?
        
        Some are very specific but they are generally not very specific. They tend to target those who are more popular.
        
        Cook et al, 2019. They often focus on an outgroup. (Consistent with SIDE theory)
    - - SIDE theory (Old wine, new bottle)
        
        Emphasis on group identity useful to think about as trolls often play up to a crowd
        
        Group is more important but the personality traits still matter (Bickles et al, 2014)
      - Anonymity is important here
        
        More separated online self, higher levels of trolling.
    - - Attempts to argue or ban them might be seen as a challenge to them
      - Educate users to ignore them
  - - - Four factors proposed by Eisend (2023) 1.Habit, 2.Control, 3.justification, 4.Attitude
- - - - GST (Agnew, 1992), Online disinhibition (Suler, 2004), SIDE theory (Reicher, Spears and Postmes, 1995), Rational choice theory (Cornish and Clarke, 1987) and Routine Activities theory (RAT) Cohen and Felson (1979)
        
        Rational choice theory applied to cybercrime by Higgins (2007). People commit crimes where the perceived benefits, outweigh the costs. Old wine, new bottle
        
        Routine activities theory (RAT) Cohen and Felson (1979)- Three things are needed for a crime to occur: 1. motivated offender, 2. a suitable target, 3. the absence of a capable guardian
      - Hacking
        
        Could be due to deindividuation and it means that people are viewed more as an outgroup (Kabay, 1998)
        
        Sharma (2007) rational choice theory as hacking gives a mental high and respect with fame in the community
        
        Silic and Lowry (2019)- Used GST and RAT to explain it. Three rat criteria are true and GST can apply as it might provide motivation
        
        They can exploit psychological factors like when people overestimate their safety and when people are making tradeoffs between security and personal needs
        
        Nurse (2018)
        
        Cyber sextortion
        
        4 types: target minors, some use computer strats to get images and then demand sexual content, some target romantic partners and some professional criminals do it to extort money
        
        People in the last three types closely match the profiles of people who perform similar things offline. People who target minors offline differ significantly
        
        O'malley and Holt (2020)
        
        Cyberstalking
        
        using ICT to seek information in order to harass threaten or intimidate a person.
        
        Linked to online disinhibition (Bocij and McFarlane, 2003)
        
        Revenge porn
        
        Zhong et al, 2020
        
        Linked to toxic disinhibition and sexual aggression with acts of revenge porn
        
        Pina et al, 2017
        
        Link between dark tetrad psychopathy
      - Cyberfraud
        
        decreased social cues in online communication leads to reduced social norms (Duffield and Grabosky, 2001)
        
        Button et al (2014) asked people to name the key reasons as to why they fell for a scam
        
        Small amounts, pressure and coercion and grooming
        
        Whitty (2019)- People with a high internal locus of control, were more premedidative and did more guardianship were at higher risk of being victims
        
        They think that they had covered themselves
    - - Trad crime groups are moving more to cybercrime. There has been an emergence of crime as a service. Odinot et al, 2017 noticed increased cooperation between criminals online.
        
        Could be due to increased anonymity and the distributed nature of the online world.
        
        Not taken full advantage of it for money laundering
  - - - They often have credentials and offer evidence of previous hits and even off guarantees.
        
        Bancroft (2020) looked at drug markets on the dark net. Vendors that have a reputation of giving a good product at a resonable price are viewed as less likely to scam the buyer
- - - - Tokunaga (2010) 20-40% of youths have been victims of cyberbullying
        
        73% of women and girls online have experienced online abuse (Al-Alosi, 2017)