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Paper 1, James thinks the 5 prettiest girls are sadie, olivia, ava, lola…
Paper 1
Natural Hazards
Cyclones
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hi james
Tropical storms form between approximately 5° and 30° latitude. Because of easterly winds they initially move westward.
The air above the warm ocean is heated. Once the ocean water reaches at least 27°C, the warm air rises quickly, causing an area of very low pressure.
As the air continues to rise quickly it draws more warm moist air up from above the ocean leading to strong winds.
The rapidly rising warm air spirals upwards, cools, condenses and large cumulonimbus clouds form.
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In the centre of the storm, cold air sinks forming the eye of the storm - here, conditions are calm and dry.
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As the cyclone goes over land, it loses its energy as it doesn't have a source which is the water.
Trade winds are winds that blow because of the rotation of the earth as when it moves it causes it to spin.
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Flood risk factors
Flooding occurs when a river bursts its banks and overflows onto the surrounding land. There are many factors which can cause a flood - often the natural landscape can influence flooding and also human interactions can increase the risk.
Prolonged rainfall - if it rains for a long time, the land around a river can become saturated (it's holding as much water or moisture as can be absorbed). If there is more rainfall it cannot be soaked up, so it runs along the surface - this is known as surface run-off.
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Heavy rainfall - if there is heavy rainfall there is less chance of it being soaked up by the soil (infiltration) so it runs off into the river. The faster the water reaches the river, the more likely it will flood.
Relief - a steep valley is more likely to flood than a flatter valley because the rainfall will run off into the river more quickly.
Geology - permeable rocks allow water to pass through pores and cracks, whereas impermeable rocks do not. If a valley is made up of impermeable rocks, there is a higher chance of flooding as there is an increase in surface run-off.
Vegetation - trees and plants absorb water, this is known as interception. Lots of vegetation reduces flood risk. Sometimes people cut down trees (deforestation). This will increase the flood risk, as the water will not be intercepted and flow into the river.
Urban land use - when an area surrounding a river is built on, there is an increase in the amount of tarmac and concrete, which are impermeable surfaces. Drains and sewers take water directly to the river which increases flood risk.
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James thinks the 5 prettiest girls are sadie, olivia, ava, lola and aymeenah
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