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Ethnic inequalities - Coggle Diagram
Ethnic inequalities
Marxism
Cox
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As European nations conquered other areas of the world, they were able to exploit the workforce in those colonies and they justified their actions through racism, by claiming that white was the superior race
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Castles and Kosack
Immigrants were concentrated in low-skilled and low-paid manual jobs that were mainly carried out in poor working conditions
Immigrants ultimately derived from the need in capitalist societies for a reserve army of labour, it was necessary to have a surplus of labour power in order to keep wage costs down
The arrival of immigrants created a divide in the working class with working white class being the top layer and ethnic working class being the bottom layer
The 'divide-and-rule' tactic was beneficial to the ruling class as it suppressed overall wage levels of the working classes and immigrants would be scapegoated
Miles
At the end of colonialism, traditional racism was replaced with nationalism where individuals saw their nation as superior
Argues that the class position of of ethnic minorities is complicated by the fact that they are treated by white society as socially and culturally different
Some ethnic minorities may set themselves apart from white majority by stressing and celebrating their uniqueness; for example young African- caribbean may stress black power through rastifarian groups
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Black feminism
Brewer
Black women suffer from disadvantages because they are black, working class and women.
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Distinctive feature of black feminism to brewer if that it studies 'interplay' of race, class and gender
Mirza
Black feminists can challenge distorted assumptions of dominant groups by bringing in their own experiences
Connell
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This is because gender inequalities established in colonial times are often embedded in current attitudes towards race ethnicity and gender
Stresses the importance of developing feminist perspectives that challenge the dominance of Western feminism
Webarian
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Rex and Tomlinson
Did a study in the Handsworth area of Birmingham revealed that the material disadvantage experienced by ethnic minorities in the area was so great that it actually cut them off from the white working- class group
They found that ethnic minorities formed a separate underclass beneath the white working class where they experienced disadvantage with regard to labour market, housing and education
Black underclass had been created, consisting of people who felt marginalised, alienated and frustrated
New right
Sewell
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His research highlights that in 2001, 57% of African-Caribbean families with dependent children were headed by lone parents, compared with 25% of white families
As a result, many black boys lacked the male role model and discipline provided by a father figure which Sewell argues makes the boys more vulnerable to peer pressure as there is an absence of discipline