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Gender inequalities - Coggle Diagram
Gender inequalities
Webarian
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Glass ceiling concept (Loden) Help to explain differences in social mobility between women and men. Where women can only see higher paying jobs and not achieve them
Glass elevator concept (Williams) Refers to how men rise up the career ladder compared to women, as well as its fast and easy
Concrete ceiling concept (Davidson) The gender inequalities have worsened as women are now unable to reach or see higher positions in society, tends to be for ethnic minorities
Horizontal segregation Refers to differences in the numbers of males and females across occupation. It is regarded as one of the strongest influences over young peoples career choices
Vertical segregation Describes men's domination of higher ranking jobs. The 'glass ceiling', 'concrete ceiling', and 'glass elevator' are all part of vertical segregation
Functionalism
Murdock studied over 200 societies and found that women were located in the home because of their biological function of bearing children
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Human capital theory contends that the wage gap and other employment- related differences can be explained by the amount of of human capital an individual or group of workers develop through knowledge and skills they have obtained
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Liberal feminism
Oakley believes gender role socialisation occurs from a young age from processes such as manipulation (encouragement of behaviour that is seen as gender appropriate) and canalisation (channelling of children towards toys and activities seen as appropriate for their gender)
Marxist feminism
Marxist feminists argue that the family is a patriarchal institution which results in them being exploited by capitalism. They argue they serve the needs in a number of ways:
- They reproduce the next generation of workers and socialise them into norms and values which benefit the capitalist system. Feeley argues that the family teaches children to submit to a form of parental authority that is patriarchal
- Women's domestic work is unpaid, which benefits capitalism as only one wage has to be paid. Benston argues that a wife lee[s her husband in good running order by feeding and caring for him
- Women soothe the stresses and frustrations of proletariat men after a hard day at work. Ansley suggests the safety valve and that women are the takers of shit
- Women act as a reserve army of labour for unpaid domestic work. Bruegel argues that the family is central to women's oppression and points to when women join the workforce when needed and are then discarded as a housewife when not needed
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