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River Eden - Water and Carbon - Coggle Diagram
River Eden - Water and Carbon
Storm Desmond
Storm Desmond resulted in serious flooding throughout the area, inundating thousands of properties and cutting off road and rail communications. - 2015
The cause of the flooding was Storm Desmond bringing in moist air from the Caribbean to the British Isles. As a result, rainfall from the storm was unusually heavy.
The effects were that Storm Desmond caused an estimated £500m of damage across Cumbria. More than 1,000 people evacuated across Cumbria.
More than 100 flood warnings and more than 70 flood alerts were in place in northern England on Saturday night, with more than 90 flood warnings and alerts in Scotland.
Location
River Eden is situated between the Lake District and the Pennines, the Eden catchment covers an area of approximately 2400 km2 and 80 miles long.
Parts of the catchment fall within the Lake District National Park, Yorkshire Dales National Park, North Pennines Area
Source - Pennines
Mouth - Solway Firth
Issues
The main cause is typically when rainwater run-off from land picks up soil, bacteria and nutrients from livestock excreta, or fertilisers and pesticides.
In 2015 there were 66 water bodies in the district where rural diffuse pollution was contributing to adverse effects on water quality.
Waste water, or sewage, can contain nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrates, toxic chemicals and other harmful substances, including viruses and bacteria. Nutrients can disturb the natural ecological balance of a water body and cause excessive growth of vegetation and algae, which may starve the water of oxygen
Food Hydrographs
'Flashy' Hydrographs are fast to reach max discharge with a low lag time
They measure how rainfall affects the discharge of a river
Topography and Geology
The basin is long and relatively narrow, which increases the lag time. The slopes in the basin are steep which reduces lag time and increases the peak discharge
Much of the basin is made up of limestone and sandstone which is permeable, meaning quick infiltration and little surface run-off
Human Impacts
The more intense farming methods have caused soils to become compacted. This reduces the infiltration of the soil and so increases the surface runoff
Deforestation creates large areas of open grassland and heathland. Trees usually increase infiltration and decrease the surface runoff.
Less trees make the hydrograph flashier as there is less infiltration overall near the river - This causes a higher flood risk when there is heavy rainfall