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Volcanoes - Coggle Diagram

- - - - effects of water vapour in stratosphere
        
        it helps in the chemical reactions that destroy the ozone layer
        
        it is a very potent greenhouse gas
      - water vapour in stratosphere can only be measured by satellites
        
        the studies from satellite date don't focus on how the water vapour would behave
  - - - large ozone hole from Aug to Dec 2023 was at least part due to Hunga Tonga
        
        with it came a positive phase of the Southern Annular Mode during the summer of 2024
        
        for Australia, this meant a higher chance of a wet summer(predictions were opposite to this because they focused on El-Nino)
      - it has very small, 0.015 degrees Celsius, impact on global mean temperature
      - for nothern Australia, it predicts colder & wetter than usual winters up to about 2029
      - for north America, it predicts warmer than usual winters
      - for Scandinavia, it predicts colder than usual winters