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Genetic Engineering - Coggle Diagram

- - - - The science started in the 1860s with the investigations of Gregor Mendel, a monk
    - - scientists discovered that genes work by controlling the creation of enzimes inside a cell.
        
        Enzimes are proteins used to catalyze organic procesess so that they occur at the right place and time.
        
        Diferent varieties of nitrogenated bases are used to "code" information into de DNA. These information is used to build amino acids and these acids are then processed into the enzimes that control the organism traits
    - - Genes with this characteristic were called "jumping genes" and nowadays they are kanown as transposons.
        
        The movement of a gene can affect the behaviour of other genes. MacClintock suggested that transposons are genes that do not pass on traits, instead, genetic material that controlled other genes
        
        As transposons genes moved they caused what is called "mutations"
        
        Many organisms have transpososns. In humans, transposons made up 65% of the genome
        
        Today, transposons are used in genetic engineering to add genetic traits, and to shut off some other genes as well
- - - - GMOs must be approved by the government before they can be sold in the United States
      - Many GMOs are modified to make them easier to grow
        
        Modified plants can be more efficient with resources or for example, resist the chemicals that kill the weeds
- - - - Plasmids: parts of the DNA of bacteria separated from the chromosomes
      - An enzyme that defended the bacteria attacking the genes of the invading organism
  - - - Cohen, one of the scientist working in this type of investigation, figured out that medicine can be produced this way
        
        Nowadays some of the human proteins we use (as insulin) are produced using this process
- - - - DNA is shaped in a estructure called "the double helix"
    - - RNA transport the code to make the enzimes from DNA.
        
        RNA transport these enzimes to the ribosomes where enzimes are actually made