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Fallacies - Coggle Diagram
Fallacies
Of ambiguity
When
An argument is used in multiple senses
creating ambiguity
That leads to a misleading or unsound conclusion
Single word or expression is employed with different meanings
In different parts of the argument
Causes the logical flow to break down
Lexical Ambiguity
Due to multiple meanings of a single word.
Syntactic Ambiguity
due to sentence structure
Characteristics
Misleading Arguments
Use of false evidence
Manipulation of facts
Mis undersanting of facts
Lack of evidence
Assertions without proof
Overgeneralizations
Anecdotal evidence
Weak or limited data
Distraction techiques
Using irrelevant information
Avoiding the topic
Emotional appeal
Scare tactics
Exaggerating
Using emotional stories instead of facts
False assumtions
Stereotyping
Simplifying dificult problems
Presenting only two options
When more exist
Deficient induction
Argument Ignorance
Lack of Evidence Argument
Involves concluding that something is true or false
based on the absence of evidence against
No evidence
Asserts that a proposition is false because there is no evidence to support it.
The lack of evidence does not necessarily prove non-existence
No Evidence Means True
A proposition is true because there is no evidence to disprove it.
The absence of disproof does not confirm truth
It shows that no counter evidence has been presented.
Is where the conclusion is drawn from insufficient
Or weak premises.
Appeal to authority
An argument relies on the opinion of an authority figure
who is not an expert in the relevant field
Or whose expertise is not applicable to the topic at hand
Misleads by presenting the authority's opinion
As sufficient evidence
Without evaluating the actual merit of the argument.
Of relevance
Appeal to Emotion
Manipulation of emotions to win an argument.
Irrelevant to logical reasoning.
Types of Emotional Appeals
Fear
Pity
Hope
Anger
Common Scenarios
Social Media
Debates
Public Relations
Straw men
Distortion
Misrepresentation
lies in misrepresenting the opponent's position.
oversimplifying complex arguments
aking statements out of context
exaggerating the opponent's stance.
Evasion of Complexity
Red Herring
A rhetorical tactic that distracts from the main issue
introducing an irrelevant topic.
The purpose is to confuse
Misdirection
Shifts attention away from the main argument.
Intentional diversion from the real issue
Examples
Political debates
Advertising
Defence of a posture
Techniques
Changing Topic Abruptly
Using Emotionally Charged Topics
Overloading with Information
Employing Tangential Analogies
Of persuposition
Accident
Involves
Misapplication of a general principle.
Arises from taking a broad rule or principle
Applying it without consideration
Ignoring Exceptions
faulty reasoning.
There are exceptions that must be taken into account
overlooks the importance of context
It applies rules too rigidly
Not allow flexibility
Request for principle
Over Simplification
It seeks broad
Overly simplistic principles
May not account for the intricacies
Context Ignorance
tends to overlook the context
And specific details that are crucial for making informed decisions.
Is when
Someone demands a general, universal principle to justify a specific action or decision.
often ignoring the complexities and nuances involved.