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Gene Expression & Regulation - Coggle Diagram
Gene Expression & Regulation
mutations
change in DNA sequence of an organism
certain responses to transduction can lead to mutations
mRNA
messenger RNA - carry genetic information to make proteins
promoter
where proteins bind to initiate transcription
cyclin
proteins that control cell cycle and initiate DNA synthesis
both bind to activate a target protein
cell differentiation
stem cell changes to a more specialized cell
transcription factors
proteins involved in converting/transcribing DNA into RNA
enhancer
activates transcription of a gene to higher levels
epigenetic
study of how cells control gene activity without changing the DNA sequence
CDK
protein kinases that need a subunit, provides necessities for enzymatic activity
receptor
molecule that binds to a specific substance and signals a specific effect in the cell
a ligand binds to a receptor to initiate a signaling pathway
growth factor
a secreted active molecule that can affect growth of cells
a growth factor may inhibit cell differentiation
RNA structure
nucleotides attached by 5'-3' phosphodiester bonds between ribose sugars
RNA polymerase
enzyme responsible for copying a DNA sequence into an RNA sequence
both copy DNA
translation
sequence of mRNA is translated into amino acid sequence
transcription
where a cell makes an RNA copy of a piece of DNA
RNA processing is the mature, completed form of transcription
an enhancer is what activates transcription
both involved in gene expression
copy DNA sequence into RNA
regulatory genes
regulates the expression of structural genes by controlling the production of a protein
DNA structure
double-stranded helix with weak hydrogen bonds between purine-pyrimidine nucleotide base pairs
both attach 5'-3' (the only way nucleotides are able to attach!!)
replication
genome's DNA is copied in cells
operon
unit made of linked genes to regulate other genes that are responsible for protein synthesis
can activate or deactivate gene expression
biotechnology
exploiting biological processes for industrial purposes
epigenetics demonstrates the changes that lay over DNA in expressed genes in which biotechnology observes
genetic codes
rules that explain how the 4-letter code of DNA is translated into the 20-letter code of amino acids
gene expression
process where a gene gets turned on in a cell to make RNA & proteins
signaling pathways
series of chemical reactions where molecules work together to control a cell function
transduction
virus transfers genetic material from one bacterium to another
reception
the process of activating a sensory receptor by a stimuli
inducible operon
can be turned on/off in the presence of a small molecule
both inducible and repressible are types of operons
repressible operon
operon is active and the functional product/enzyme is normally always present
response
result from external/internal stimulus
RNA processing
sequence of events where the primary transcript from a gene becomes mature
