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Evolution's Impact on the Natural World - Coggle Diagram
Evolution's Impact on the Natural World
Isolation
Overarching theme: all types of isolation contribute to evolution and the creation of new species.
Geographic (isolation due to geographic boundary),
Temporal (isolation due to differences in reproduction periods)
Behavioral (isolation due to members of the same species developing differences in behaviors such as courtship rituals)
Reproductive (when a population splits into two groups and evolve separately - they can no longer reproduce together after).
Concepts on the Basis of Evolution
Types of evolution
Divergent is when a common ancestor, due to isolation and selective pressures, evolves different structures over time and creates new species that branch off from the original.
Convergent evolution is when two completely different species become more alike due to similar selective pressures.
Coevolution is when two or more species evolve together, each one affecting the other’s evolutionary pattern (i.e. flowers and pollinators).
Important Concepts
Natural Selection - selection of traits to be passed down to the next generation depending on which ones are most favorable in a population, depending on the selective environmental pressures placed on them.
Gene pools are the entire selection of genes within a population.
Gene flow is the movement of genes from one population to another population. Individuals of a population must move in order for this to work.
Genetic Drift is when a random event such as a natural disaster lessens population numbers and decreases genetic diversity within a population.
Five Fingers of Evolution → Small population size, nonrandom mating, mutations, gene flow, adaptation.
Cladograms are visual representations used to plot major evolutionary nodes, and divergent evolution of various branches that sprout from a common ancestor.
VIDA
Variation of traits
Inheritance of traits
Differential Survival and Reproduction (Nautral selection of favorable traits to be passed onto next generation, individuals with certain traits are more likely to reproduce and are more fit than other organisms in a given environment.
Adaptations organisms develop to be better suted for their environment.
Types of Natural Selection
Disruptive (if two extremes of a trait are favorable and the "medium" level of trait isn't favorable (i.e long and short tails are favorable over medium sized tails))
Stabilizing (if the "medium" level of trait is more favorable over both extremes of the trait (i.e. medium tails over short or long tails)).
Directional (one extreme of a trait is favorable (i.e. long tails are most favorable)).
Structures
Homologous structures are caused by divergent evolution and are similar structures within different species that suggest common ancestry.
Analogous structures are caused by convergent evolution, and portrays how two totally different species became more alike due to similar environmental pressures.
Skin Color
Northern Latitudes = Lighter Skin
Latitudes with less UV radiation will have lighter skin tones, as people there need to absorb beneficial UVB from the UV radiation to foster Vitamin D production; protecting folate from intense UV isn’t a priority.
Latitudes Near the Equator = Darker Skin
Latitudes with high amounts of UV radiation will have darker skin tones, due to increased melanin production to protect folate, important for births, in the skin.
Evidence for Evolution
Comparative Anatomy (comparing the anatomical structures of different organisms and looking for similar structures that suggest common ancestry).
Molecular Biology (finding genetic similarities in certain genes of two different organisms that could suggest common ancestry).
Direct Observation (Study of species over time to examine how they evolve and change due to environmental pressures inducing natural selection).
Fossils (Fossil records that we can compare to modern organisms for similarity to suggest common ancestry). We can also use radiometric dating and/or geological surveys to determine other factors such as the age of fossils.
Biogeography (patterns of how ancestral organisms migrated/were distributed around the world could suggest how they evolved into various similar species living in those areas).