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Neoplasm ICD Topic 11 2306172464_Rania…
Neoplasm
ICD Topic 11
2306172464_Rania Gisella F.H
Neoplasm
Abnormal and excessive growth of tissueTumor
Tumor
Etiology of Neoplasm
Carcinogenic Compounds
Direct-acting Carcinogens
Alkylating agents
Ultraviolet radiation
Procarcinogens
PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons)
Metabolized by liver
Common Carcinogens
PAHs: cigarette smoke, grilled meats, coal tar
Asbestos: lung cancer, mesothelioma
Benzene: gasoline, industrial products
Formaldehyde: building materials, household products
Aflatoxin: mold in grains and peanuts
Mechanism of Invasion
Loss of Cell-Cell Adhesion
Changes in Cell-Matrix Interaction
Expression of Motility and Migration Proteins
Integrins
Cadherins
Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs)
Mechanism of Neoplasm Metastasis
Detachment from Primary Tumor
Invasion of Surrounding Tissues
Entry into Bloodstream/Lymphatic System
Survival in Immune System
Arrest and Extravasation
Adaptation to New Environment
Angiogenesis and Immune Evasion
Formation of Secondary Tumors
Cell Differentiation
Acquisition of Specific Characteristics
Expression of Genes for Specific Cell Types
Specialized Cells
Limited Renewal
Undifferentiated Cells (Stem Cells)
Regeneration of Cells
Abnormalities in Cell Cycles
Mutations in Regulatory Genes
Tumor Suppressor Genes
Oncogenes
Uncontrolled Cell Proliferation
Cycle Arrest
Chromosomal Instability
Resistance to Apoptosis
Hallmarks of Cancer
Functional Capabilities Acquired During Carcinogenesis
Pathogenesis of Neoplasm (Carcinogenesis)
Initiation
Damage or Destruction of Genes
Promotion
Changes in Epidermal Homeostasis
Clonal Expansion of Initiated Cells
Progression
Growth and Tumor Formation
Influence of Growth Factors and Hormones
Invasion and Destruction of Tissues
Neoplasm Classification Based on Tissues
Epithelial Tissue
Benign: Adenomas
Malignant: Carcinomas
Connective Tissue
Benign: Fibromas, Lipomas
Malignant: Sarcomas
Nervous Tissue
Benign: Neuromas, Meningiomas
Malignant: Gliomas, Neuroblastomas
Muscular Tissue
Benign: Leiomyomas
Malignant: Rhabdomyosarcomas
Differences Between Benign and Malignant Neoplasms
Histopathological Characteristics
Benign: Well-differentiated, slow growth, distinct borders, no invasion or metastasis
Malignant: Irregular cell shape, increased nuclear size, high mitotic activity, loss of differentiation, invasion, and metastasis
Grading and Staging of Neoplasms
Grading (Degree of Differentiation)
Grade X, Grade 1 (Low), Grade 2 (Intermediate), Grade 3 (High), Grade 4 (Undifferentiated)
Staging (Extent of Spread)
TNM Classification
T: Primary Tumor (T0-T4)
N: Lymph Node Involvement (N0-N3)
M: Metastasis (M0-M1)