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Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) and opioids are two groups…
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) and opioids are two groups of veterinary medicine commonly used to provide analgesia. With reference to pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics principles, compare and contrast these two groups of veterinary medicine, specific drug examples can be used to support your answer. (100%)
introduction - both drugs are used for pain relief in veterinary practice, have different pharmacokinetics and dynamics - affecting indications for use. multiple formulations etc. these two drugs moas will be explained and then they will be compared and contrasted against each other.
analgesics overveiw
opiods - gold standard in central analgesia, act on mu receptors (natural are endorpines). act on pain fibres in dorsal root (modulation) and pain pathways in brain (perception) full agonist, partaial agonist and antagonist. provide pain relife in pre med and have a synergistic effect to enhance sedation. buprenorphine - potent, long-acting analgesic acting at opiate
receptors in the central nervous system.
NSAID - non steroidal anti inflamatory. inhibit fewer inflamation pathways than steroids. act by inhibiting COX enzymes that produce prostoglandins - cox 2 PG cause inflamation - selectively inhibited by NSAIDs - reduces leukocyte infiltartion into inflammed tissue. inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, thereby exerting
anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-exudative and antipyretic effects
compare ( similarities)
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both cause GI side effects - ulceration, V+ etc - however different effetcs
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pharmakokinetcics - can both be administered IV - so quick - faster onset of action absorption phase - good bioavailability in this format. buprenorphine - analgesic effect takes 30 mins - administer as part of pre med
fecal excretion of both drugs - NSAID through billary route, opiods metabolised in the liver
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both can be administered subcutaneously, pharmokinetic time increced
contrast - differences
mode of action - nsaids inhibit COX enzymes wheras opiods act on MU receptors - relates to side effects
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oral formulations of NSAIDs available for post op pain management by clients. opiods often not given orally as they are subject to significant first pass metabolism meaning the dose given orally would not reach systemic circulation and be able to have an effect
opiods can have more severe side effects - pupillary changes, drowsiness, respiration / cough suppression
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buprenorphine also highly protein bound , high affinity for MU receptors
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buprenorphine - long term safety has not been tested over 5 days therfore not indicated for long term analgesia.
conclusion - both analgesic drugs with clear indications for use in veterinary practice, there are clear differences in PKPD which influences their effects however there are also similarities, especially side effects
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