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What is literacy?, The emergence of literacy, Motor Skills, Identifying…
What is literacy?
What are the types of literacy?
Functional literacy
-It means the ability to read texts in an active, reflective manner in order to better understand power, inequality, and injustice in human relationships.
EXAMPLE
Reading a certain article in a class and then having a discussion with the students to know their opinions and their ideas about the text.
Critical literacy
It means the level of skill in reading and writing that any individual needs to cope with adult life.
EXAMPLE
Fill out job application forms, medical forms.
What does literacy mean?
It means the ability to read and write in order to be able to communicate and cope with society.
What is the importance of literacy
It is important because it helps people to cope with life and society. And, it helps to make the person
think, ask questions, and criticize the text
What are the principles
1- Literacy is an action. 2- Literacy is a movement within a discourse practice. 3-Literacy depends on knowledge of social conventions and on individual problem-solving.
the Omani English curriculum aims to teach students how to read and write and how to
use these two skills in life and society.
The emergence of literacy
What does the readiness view mean?
It means that children must reach a specific stage to be taught reading and writing, but before this
stage, teaching might have affected them negatively.
Why the readiness view is important to parents and teachers?
Because parents need to know that they do not have to wait until their children reach a certain age to learn, they have to start immediately.
What does the emergence of literacy mean
It is the stage during which children learn the crucial skills that lead to writing and reading.
What do children know about Reading?
Book orientation/ Directional rules/ print carriers' massage/ Word concept/ letter concept
How do children learn the spoken language?
They learn it from the surrounding environment
What are the processes by which children learn spoken language?
Listening to meaningful language
Receiving constant demonstrations of meaningful talk
Factors
Engagement. /2. expectation /3. Kids are in charge of their linguistic progress. /4. practice.
Krashen’s Comprehensible Input
It means that children are in a certain level of language proficiency and in order to develop this level they need to be out in the comprehensible input zone. This zone means that the children are capable to understand and interpret whatever they are given in terms of language proficiency. However, they shouldn’t be put in the too challenging zone because they won’t be able to deal with anything in terms of language proficiency
Motor Skills
By the age of
8-10 months
The palmer grasp: It means the babies can grip objects only with all four fingers pushing against the thumb, which still makes it awkward to grab, hold, and manipulate small objects.
➔ The finger grasp: The same movements of the palmer grasp but this grasp pattern is now more precise than before due to the usage of the thumb side of the hand.
➔ The pincer grip: the ability to hold objects between the thumb and index finger gives the infant a more complicated ability to grasp and manipulate objects and also to drop them intentionally.
Gross motor skills
They are skills that require people to use
their large muscles to do tasks.
EX
The larger movements of arms,
legs, feet, or the entire body
Lifting one's head
Rolling over
Sitting up
Balancing
Fine motor skills
They are skills that require people to use them
small muscles to do tasks.
EX
Writing and Reading
Drawing and Coloring
Shaping
Grasping an object between the thumb
and a finger
Using the lips and tongue to taste
objects
Do gross motor skills develop before fine motor skills?
True, because children start first to control the large muscles then the smaller ones because the small muscles need more attention and accuracy than the large ones
the Beery
It is usually administered individually but can also be given in groups.
It is designed for individuals two years of age through adulthood.
Identifies problems with visual perception, fine motor skills (especially hand control), and hand-eye coordination.
the Lincoln
Individually administered test.
Assesses the development of motor skills.
Adults and children.
They are skills that require an organism (a system consisting of interdependent parts) to utilize the
skeletal muscles effectively in a goal-directed manner.
They depend on the proper functioning of the brain, skeletal muscles, joints, and nervous system.
Identifying the letter sounds/Segmenting
What is phonemic awareness?
It means identifying sounds in words.
How important is combining segmenting and blending?
This allows the children to see the significance of encoding to write and decoding to read.
-When to tackle long words with consonant blends?
When most of the children can call out the sounds in three-letter words, longer words can be tackled.
What is the letter board?
It is a board that helps children to segment words (Put letters together by listening to the word to form it).
Vowels are placed on the top and consonants on the bottom. The child has to work on the word in
the middle.
When to start dictating sentences? Why?
Once the children are familiar with some tricky words, and know how to spell a few of them, sentences can be dictated. Because the sentences should be made up of regular words, which can be written by listening for the sounds, and can include those tricky words that have been taught.
Why is it important to dictate sentences?
Because it is the start of independent writing. Also, children start knowing and feeling what a
sentence is and that a capital letter and full stop are needed.
Independent writing is the desired outcome. What do children need to reach this goal?
Learning the letter sounds, can identify the sounds in words and have done some dictation. At this stage, their spelling is not conventional but is still readable. For example: mie mumi poot mie book in mie school bag.
Blending
-What are the two types of sounds in English?
.
One sort makes a pure, continuous sound; examples are the sounds, /ssssss/, /ffffffff/, /rrrrr/.
The other sort has a 'schwa' on the end. The schwa is like an /uh/ sound on the end of the letter
sounds. For example, /b/ cannot be said without a schwa: /buh/.
Why should teacher pay more attention to diagraph while blending?
Because students have to remember that the two letter represents one sound only.
Discuss some activities that teacher can use to help students blend without calling out the
sounds.
➔ The teacher chooses a word and then does the actions of the letter sounds. The children try to work out the word either by writing it down or call it out.
➔ The teacher writes different letters on the board. Then, he/she must point out to different letters to form a word. The children must watch and try to put the sounds together in their head to identify the word.
Why is Practice needed?
to develop the essential fluency in reading.
It is a phonic skill that involves looking at the letters, saying the sounds and hearing the
word.
It helps children to read especially the regular words
Blending is sometimes referred to as synthesizing
Phonics
What is the importance of phonics? Why do learners need it?
Because of the complexity of written English, phonics instruction improves children’s ability to
identify words.
disadvantage
Students will end up knowing only how to produce sounds and words but without knowing their meaning or how to put them in context.
What are the useful phonics teaching strategies that help students and children to produce
approximate pronunciations of words?
....
➔ Teaching them the sounds of letters in isolation
➔ Teaching them the sounds of letters in words
➔ Teaching them to blend the sounds of letters together
Feature
It makes producing, reading, and writing easy.
type of
learners?
Independent learners
It refers to associating letters or letter groups with the sound they represent.
Learning the letter sounds
How do teachers teach sounds?
➔ The picture presents the context which helps the children to learn actively and remember.
➔ All the sounds are introduced by following the same steps.
➔ All letters should be introduced by their sounds, not by their names!
➔ In grade 2: S (capital and the letter name) is the big brother of s (sound).
➔ Never introduce the letters in combination with their sounds.
Children usually are active learners.
Why should teachers introduce and revise the sounds in random order?
To avoid causing serial effects or auditory memory to children which might make them slow learners
and slow in retaining sounds from their memory.
Why are reading and writing in English difficult?
Because there are sounds that can be represented using different letters. Therefore, it is challenging
for students to remember them all in reading and writing and spend a long time doing it.
Why are digraphs considered to be challenging to learn and cause troubles for learners?
.
Because they need to know that:
➢ Two letters have one sound only.
➢ One sound has to be represented using two letters.
-What is the difference between digraphs (sh, oi, igh) and blends (bl, st)?
➔ A blend is two consonants that come together and they both keep their sounds.
➔ A digraph is two consonants that come together to make ONE sound.
Shared Reading
Why shared reading?
.
❖ It provides struggling readers with the necessary support.
❖ Shared reading of the predictable text can build sight word knowledge and reading fluency
❖ Allows students to enjoy materials that they may not be able to read on their own.
❖ Ensures that all students feel successful by providing support to the entire group.
SKILL-GETTING OPPORTUNITIES. Through support with both lower-order processing skills (such as decoding) and higher-order processing skills (such as predicting and activating schema). (Bloom’s Taxonomy)
It is an interactive reading experience that occurs when students join in or share the reading of a
book or other text while guided and supported by a teacher.
The teacher explicitly models the skills of proficient readers, including reading with fluency and expression. The shared reading model often uses oversized books (referred to as big books) with enlarged print and illustrations.
Shared Writing
SHARE WRITING
➢ The skill of forming letters / finding the right letters on the keyboard
➢ Skill of finding which words and phrases to use
➢ Skill of spelling and using punctuation marks
➢ Skill of putting the words and phrases logically together
➢ Skill of organizing ideas into a coherent whole, using appropriate titles etc.
What can the teacher draw attention to in writing
when thinking out loud with the children?
.
the layout of the page
the organization and layout of text
preparing for writing orally
handwriting
spelling strategies
punctuation
word choice and order
the conventions of different genres
The teacher can also model aspects of process writing such as planning, drafting and editing
during shared writing sessions.
Why is shared writing important?
To connect oral language and the writing process - To deliver an authentic writing experience as students and the teacher collaborate to compose a
text
In grades 3 and 4, children enjoy shared writing sessions with the teacher. In these sessions, the teacher and children compose a text together and the children see how the transcription of a text takes place. The teacher usually takes the role of scribing and writing down the content which is suggested by the children.
Tricky Words
Teachers should encourage students to find the tricky part. Why?
➔ The children find it interesting to look carefully for the 'tricky' part in the words; by doing this they start to analyse words.
➔ The children's extra attention to the details helps to store the word in their memories. For example, if the children recognise that the letter
Learning to read tricky words is easier than learning how to write them. Why?
Because of the tricky parts, it might be difficult to reach approximate written form of the word since you haven’t seen it before but it is easier to reach the approximate pronunciation since the written form is available.
Words are either irregular, such as to, your, one and said, or are frequently used words that can only be read with phonic knowledge that has not yet been taught, for example, the words made, like, my, right.
Learning Letter Formation
What are the procedures to enhance writing experience before you begin any of the pre-writing
activities?
.
1) Posture for writing
2) Writing implements
3) Paper Position
What should teachers focus on when dealing with writing?
.
➔ Pre-writing
➔ Letter formation
➔ The joined-up writing
➔ The legibility and speed