Properties of Matter

STATES OF MATTER

PROPERTIES OF GASES AND GAS LAWS

Colligative Properties

Vapor pressure lowering

Boiling point elevation

Surface tension

Freezing point depression

Viscosity

Osmotic pressure

is a measure of the resistance to flow (measured in units called poise, pronounced 'pwahz')

The force that controls the shape of the liquid

is the pressure of the vapor (gas) above the liquid at a given temperature

Delta Psolution = (Xsolute) * (P^o)

is greater than the boiling point of the pure solvent

Delta Tb = Kb x m

is lower than the freezing point of the pure solvent

Delta Tf = - Kf x m

is the selective passage of solvent molecules through a porous membrane from a dilute solution to a more concentrated one

π = M R T

Colligative Properties

Vapor Pressure

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is the pressure of the vapor (gas) above the liquid at a given temperature

PROPERTIES

laws

  • Volume of a gas is equal to the volume of the container that holds the gas
  • Temperature is the heat energy due to the motion of the gas particles
  • Pressure is force per area (standard SI unit is pascal, Pa)

Boyle’s Law

P1V1 = P2V2

Charles Law

V1/T1=V2/T2

Gay-Lussac's Law

P1/T1=P2/T2

Combined Gas Law

P1V1/T1=P2V2/T2

The Ideal Gas Law

PV = nRT

Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure

Ptot = PA + PB + PC + ...

Graham's Law of Effusion (Diffusion)

(R1/R2)^2 = M2/M1

Real Gases and van der Waals Equation

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Kinetic Theory of Gases

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  1. Solid
  1. Liquid
  1. Gas
  1. Plasma

• Solids have a fixed volume and shape

• The particles of solids vibrate but stay in a relatively fixed position

• Crystals form if the particles are arranged in a regular sequence

• Liquids have a fixed volume but take the shape of the container

• The atoms move relative to one another but still stay close together

• Liquids can only exist for a limited temperature range

• Gases have no fixed volume or shape; they expand to fill all available space and can be compressed
• Atoms in a gas are free to move independently from each other (moving at random)

• Plasma is gas that has ionised due to very high temperature (eg the sun's corona)
• The particles are electrically charged and is affected by magnetic and electric fields