Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
KMK3513 Sem 2 23/24 (G01): Applied Neuroscience for Special Needs - Coggle…
KMK3513 Sem 2 23/24 (G01): Applied Neuroscience for Special Needs
Topic 2
Concepts of EEG
HOW IT WORKS?
Brain electrical activity is measured via EEG. Neurons' ionic current produces voltage changes.
The average brain has 120 billion neurons with dendrites that receive and send information. Chemical or electrical impulses reaching the dendrites cause tiny membrane voltage changes that reach the cell body.
EEG can detect aberrant brain waves after a stroke, brain tumor, or head injury. Dizziness, headaches, dementia, and sleep disorders may have abnormal brain patterns. It also verifies brain death.
EEGs measure brain electricity, not send it.
Brain Waves
Beta Waves (14-30 Hz)
Associated with being awake, attentive, and alert.
Linked to active concentration and anxious states.
Alpha Waves (7-13 Hz)
Found during relaxation and calm states.
Induced by closing eyes and relaxing.
Theta Waves (4-7 Hz)
Detected during relaxation and drowsiness.
Often found in young adults and during hyperventilation.
Delta Waves (0.5-4 Hz)
Predominant in infants and deep sleep stages.
Associated with absence seizures and deep sleep.
Uses of EEG
Diagnosing Brain Disorders
Epilepsy, brain tumors, brain damage, encephalitis, stroke.
Performance and Wellness Tracking
Used by athletes and biohackers to track brain activity.
Consumer Research Insights
Provides feedback on consumer responses.
Healthcare Applications
Helps in diagnosing brain disorders and monitoring anesthesia levels.
Academic Research
Used in neuroscience and cognitive research.
Advantages of EEG
Cost-Effective
Lower hardware and software costs.
High Temporal Resolution
Measures brain activity in milliseconds.
Tolerance to Movement
More tolerant to subject movement compared to other techniques.
Silent Operation
Suitable for auditory stimulus studies.
Limitations of EEG
Poor Spatial Resolution
Cannot precisely show active brain areas.
Limited to Cortical Activity
Limited to Cortical Activity
Time-Consuming Setup
Requires careful electrode placement and preparation.
Low Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Requires sophisticated data analysis and a large number of subjects.
Topic 4
Neuronal and Synaptic Functions
Neurons
How Neurons Work
Release neurotransmitters at synapses to communicate with other neurons
Neurons are 'excitable' and produce action potentials (nerve impulses)
Types of Neurons: Sensory, Motor, Interneurons
Communication through synapses (chemical or electrical)
Supported by glial cells and astrocytes
Structure: Cell body (soma), dendrites, axon
Biofeedback and Neurofeedback
Neurofeedback
Uses operant conditioning to train the brain to function more efficiently.
Provides feedback to the brain through visual or auditory stimuli.
Monitors brain activity.
Biofeedback
Useful for improving health, managing chronic pain, etc.
Provides feedback to the body, allowing self-regulation.
Monitors physiological processes like heart rate, breathing, etc.
Nervous System (NS)
Function
Command center of the body, sends and receives signals.
Neuronal communication through electrochemical events.
Components
Central Nervous System (CNS): brain and spinal cord.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): connects CNS to the rest of the body.
Brain Anatomy
Function
Glia supports neurons and aids in brain function.
Neuronal communication through synapses.
Acts as the control center of the body.
Structure
4 lobes of the cerebral cortex
Occipital
Temporal
Parietal
Frontal
The corpus callosum connects the hemispheres.
The brain is divided into left and right hemispheres.
The brain is a complex organ with billions of neurons.
EEG & Brain Activity
Measures electrical activity of the brain
Detects synchronized neuronal firing
EEG data interpretation to identify active brain regions
Gender Laterality Differences
Women have a thicker corpus callosum, better hemispheric connections
Women use both brain hemispheres more for language and emotional processing
Men typically rely more on LH for language and RH for spatial abilities
Topic 5
Introduction to Brain Trainer Device
Example of brain trainer device
The task
• Brain Mapping
• NF Training
What is brain trainer device?
A brain trainer device is a tools to helps improve cognitive functions like memory, attention, problem-solving skills, and other mental performance aspects.
Task during brain mapping.
• Reading
• Eyes open/closed
• Writing
• Comprehension
• Problem-solving
• Arimethic
Brainwaves analysis function
Brain waves measured help us understand individual brain conditions by analyzing frequencies at different brain locations, providing immediate feedback through visual or audio cues.
NF Training and the benefits
NF training is a direct training of brain function, by which the brain learns to function more efficiently.
• Reduced anxiety and stress
• Better focus and attention span
• Enhanced learning ability
• Better sleep quality
• Better memory
Individual that can use brain trainer device
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Dyslexia
Autism
Learning disabilities
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
Dedicated to helping individuals improve their quality of life through better brain function, Spectrum Learning places heavy emphasis on addressing the root causes of various conditions or problems rather than just the symptoms.
