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Language change, Graphology, Lexis/Semantics, Orthography/Spelling,…
Language change
Historical events
GVS (1350-1550)- Black Death, hypercorrection
Caxton 1476- introduced the printing press in England and caused a big change in the presentation of written English
Norman Conquest
Anglo-Saxon-Germanic tribes
Industrial revolution
European Renaissanse
Shakespear (1558-1625)
King James Bible 1611
Dictionaries
Webster
Samuel Johnson 1755- the first official dictionary of English language
Spelling
Johnatan Swift
John Hart
Grammarians
Murray
Robert Lowth
Influence of internet and new technologies/ Computer mediated discourse
Theories
Charles Hockett- Random fluctuation theory
people pronouce words in a particular style which spreads and becomes seen as the desirable form of discourse
William Labov- Substratum theory
language changesdue to influnce from other languages
Bandura- Cultural transmission theory
language changes when it is passed from one generation to the other
Theory of lexical gaps
language change occurs because new vocabulary is needed to fill the gaps in language
Michal Halliday- Functional theory
language changes due to changing neds of its users. (social/economic changrs)
Schmidt- The wave model
language evolves from one disturbance or change and replicates the ripples from the centre of disturbance in water
The S-curve model
any change starts in a limited way, then accelerates as more speakers adopt the change, before levelling off over time
The tree model
languages change only by splitting from a common core and can be grouped in the same way as a family tree
Jean Aitchson
'Progress or Decay'
the 'crumbling castle' view
the 'damp spoon' syndrome
the 'infectious disease' assumption
David Crystal
'all technological developments have resulted in language change'
Ferdinand de Saussure
signifier and signified
Terminology
Etymology
Prescriptivists
Samuel Johnson, Robert Lowth, John Hart
Descriptivists
Jean-Aitchson, David Crystal
Linguistic shift
Common changes
Late Modern English (1800-1900)
Present Day English (1900-)
Early Modern English (1500-1800)
Graphology
dense monotonous blocks of information became texts organized in multiple short paragraphs
long s
illuminated initials
headings
ct- due to printing press
italics
hyperlinks
roman numericals
different fonts and coloured words
Lexis/Semantics
Formation of new words
deriviation: addings prefixes, affixes, suffixes-like/dislike
eponyms- sandwich
coinage/neologisms- Google
conversion: the same form, different function-clean
telescoping- biodegradable
compounding- toothbrush
blending- Spanglish
coalescence-whine/wine
backformation-babysitter/babysit
reduplication-ping-pong
abbreviations/acronyms-FYI, UN
amelioration/pejoration
amelioration: nice, pretty, proud,
pejoration: silly, witch, awfull, juvenile
broadening narrowing
broadening: business, amusment
narrowing: girl, meat, transplant, ill, prosecute, humour, employment,
borrowing/loan words
French-repast, ballet, illusion, garme, croissant, bouquet
Latin- strata, chester, inch, potent, &c,
Greek- physiognomy, logos, cosmos, ethnos, hyper
Japanese- karaoke
archaic words
ere, nay,
semantic shift
main (sea), blowing (bloom),
words that were replaced for convenience: hitherto, bigness, shall
Orthography/Spelling
t-s: antient- ancient y-i: tye-tie ck-c: musick-music, publick-public, topick-topic u-v: loue-love
John Hart- the concept of writing words as they are pronounced
hyphenated words
archaic spelling
e at th end of the words
some words are written separately: to morrow, my self, it self
Morphology
capitalisation due to Germanic tribes
inflection of 3rd person verb: add -eth ex. seemeth
double superlatives are used ex. much better proof
double negatives
the growing trend of decapitalisation and dehyphenation
Grammar/syntax
word order
auxiliary verbs
tenses
irregular verbs
varied punctuation marks