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2.1. LANGUAGE CHOICE IN MULTILINGUAL COMMUNITIES - Coggle Diagram
2.1. LANGUAGE CHOICE IN
MULTILINGUAL COMMUNITIES
2.1.1. Choosing your variety or code
Linguistic repertoire: The range of codes or varieties available in a community from which an indi selects according to the social context.
Lingua franca: A language serving as a means of communication between speakers whose first languages differ
Domains of Luse: A domain involve typical interactions between typical participants in typical settings.
Modelling variety or code choice:
Domain draws on 3 imp social factors in code choice participants, setting and topic.
Model:
summarizes that we know about the patterns of Luse in the community
a description of the commun's norms which can be altered and added
provides a clear basis for comparing patterns of code choice in diff speech communities.
Other social factors affecting code choice
Makes it easier to discuss a particular topic, regardless of where they are speaking
Associated with one domain is leaking into another
2.1.3. Code-switching or code-mixing and translanguaging
2.1.3.1. Participants, solidarity and status
Often very short
Positive - express a move along the solidarity/ social distance dimension
Negative- distance a speaker from those they are talking to
Emblematic codeswitching/ tagswitching: an ethnic identity marker
Situational code-switching: change in the social situation, and takes positive account of the presence of a new participant
2.1.3.2. Switching for affective functions
used to express affective rather than referential meaning
2.1.3.3. Metaphorical switching
Each of the codes symbolizes a set of social meanings, and the speaker draws on the associations of each
involves rhetorical skill (kĩ năng hùng biện)
Skillful code-switching operates like metaphor to enrich communication
Metaphorical code-switching
occur bc of incompetence, bc of indiscriminate, random use of one or the other code.
the switching are well-motivated, reflecting skill on the part of the bil speaker.
a distinctive conversation style: fused lect- a mixed L in terms of semantics and pragmatics, allow less variation since they are fully grammaticalized.
2.1.3.4. Lexical borrowing
triggered by lack of vocab
speakers have a genuine choice about which words or phrases they will use in which L
2.1.3.5. Linguistic constraints
Intra-sentential code-switching: Changing codes within sentences- equivalence constraint
Inter-sentential code-switching: Changing codes between sentences
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2.1.3.6. Attitudes to code-switching
many tend to apologize for it, condemn it, and generally indicate disapproval of mixing languages
multilingualism is the norm, attitudes to proficient code-switching are much more positive compared to monolingual groups
often unaware
2.1.3.7. Translanguaging: Chuyển ngữ
Semiotic resources- sign, pictures and written symbols
Paralinguistic resources- pitch, volume, speech rate, facial expressions, and gestures
2.1.2. Diglossia
2.1.2.1. A linguistic division of labor
In the narrow and original sense
Each variety is used for quite distinct functions; H and L complement each other.
No-one uses the H variety in everyday conversation.
two distinct varieties of the same L are used in the community, with one regarded as a high (or H) variety and the other a low (or L) variety.
2.1.2.2. Attitudes to H vs.L in a diglossia situation
Table Page 5
2.1.2.3. Diglossia with and without bilingualism
Diglossia
Languages are used according to domains
Used to talk within the same speech commu
has 2 varieties of the same L: H & L
Experienced by a speech commnu
the use of 2 varieties of the same L in a speech commu
Biligualism
The ability to speak 2 languages
Has 2 diff languages
Languages are used according to the nature of the speech commu
Not only in the same society but also in other diff speech societies
Experienced by 1 indi
Relationship between diglossia and bilingualism:
Restrict the terms diglossia and bilingualism to refer to diff languages
Both Dig and Dil: Canada (official: Eng&Fre, diff varieties H&L in speaking and writing)
Bil without Dig: Engl, New ZL, Austra (Bil: Eng & mother-tongue L; Not the whole commu has the same mother-tongue L)
Dig without Bil: Before TCT2, the elite speak one L and the lower use another- European elites spoke a high variety that was not linguistically related to the L variety of the peasants.; Neither group was usually bil.
Neither Dig nor Bil: Isolated ethnic communities where there is little contact with other linguistic groups.
Diglossia with and without Biligualism
2.1.2.4. Extending the scope of diglossia
In the narrow and original sense
giống 2.1.2.1.
Extended by only consider:
Recognizing that 2 codes are used in diff situations
Polyglossia- when having more than 2 codes
2.1.2.5. Changes in a diglossia situation
Stable situation - 2 varieties to continue to exist side by side
One variety may gradually displace the other (Latin in Europe lost its H position)