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Topic 5 LOGIC (Methodology) - Coggle Diagram
Topic 5
LOGIC (Methodology)
LOGIC AS A METHOD IN RATIONALISM
Rationalism and Logic
Logic as Cornerstone of Research
Relevance over Experience
Aristotle's View on Logic
Philosophy of Logic
Historical Roots
Aristotle's Works
Influence on Structured Thinking
Perspectives on Logic
Aristotle's Definition
Plato's Approach
Kant's Categorization
DEDUCTIVE LOGIC
Process of Deduction
Major and Minor Premises
Example: Syllogism
Use in Various Fields
Drawbacks of Deduction
Reliance on Premise Validity
Biases and Errors
INDUCTIVE LOGIC
Inductive Reasoning
Moving from Particular to General
Examples and Applications
Importance of Sample Size
Uncertainty in Induction
Importance of Representative Samples
Unpredictable Conclusions
ABDUCTION
Comparison with Deduction and Induction
Hypothesis Formation
Seeking Plausible Explanations
Example: Wet Cars and Puddles
Prefix Differentiation
De: Deduction
In: Induction
Ab: Abduction
Definition and Origins
Explanation of Facts
Coined by Charles Sander Pierce
HEURISTICS
Origins and Advocates
Herbert Simon
Gerd Gigrenzer
Types of Heuristics
Availability Heuristic
Heuristic Evaluation
Definition and Significance
Mental Shortcuts
Facilitating Decision Making
Benefits and Drawbacks
Reducing Mental Effort
Systematic Approach to Usability Evaluation
Reliance on Expert Judgment
CRITICISM OF ABDUCTION AND HEURISTIC
ABDUCTION
Subjectivity in Hypothesis Selection
Creative and Subjective
Lack of Formal Method
Flaws in Hypothesis Generation
Focus on Formalizing Evidence
Neglects Cognitive Process
Lack of Formal Justification
No Guarantee or Verification
Prone to Error
HEURISTICS
Lack of Empirical Evidence
Reliance on Personal Judgement
Inconsistent Findings
Generalisation
Misses Context-Specific Nuances
Potentially Flawed Decision Making
Oversimplification and Bias
Overlooks Context-Specific Details
Introduces Biases and Subjectivity
FALLACY
Types of Fallacies
Formal Fallacy
Informal Fallacy
Examples and Importance
Understanding and Avoiding Fallacies
Slippery Road Analogy
Definition and Origins
Logic vs. Deception
Latin and Greek Roots
TYPES OF LOGICAL FALLACIES
Ad Hominem
Attacking the person, not the argument
Example: Discrediting A's belief because they smoke
Appeal to Ignorance
Using lack of evidence to support a claim
Example: Believing in aliens because they haven't been disproven
Argument to Moderation
Assuming the truth lies in the middle ground
Example: Inferring train punctuality based on mean lateness
Red Herring
Introducing unrelated topic to divert attention
Example: Employer justifying layoffs with increased free time
Begging the Question
Circular reasoning with no real conclusion
Example: Obeying law because it's law
False Dilemma or Dichotomy
Presenting limited options unfairly
Example: Voting for Trump or Biden, ignoring third candidate
Appeal to Authority
Relying on expert opinion without evidence
Example: President's policy claims without reviewing policy
Moving the Goalposts
Shifting criteria to avoid accepting evidence
Example: Dismissing visible injury without X-ray proof
Slippery Slope
Suggesting one event leads to extreme outcomes
Example: Hanging out with friends leading to family neglect