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Topic 2 PHILOSOPHY in our life - Coggle Diagram
Topic 2
PHILOSOPHY in our life
DEFINING PHILOSOPHY
Definitions from the Dictionary
Philosophy: Derived from the Greek "philosophia," meaning "love of wisdom." Coined by Pythagoras, denoting a quest for truth through reason and critical reflection.
Philosophy explores the world, life, and human existence, contemplating concepts like existence, knowledge, reason, ethics, and more.
Definitions from Scholars
Western Scholar
Russell: Study between theology and science, dealing with things not determined by science.
Aristotle: Begins with wonder, encompasses all sciences, including metaphysics (ontology).
Plato: Study of universal, unchanging Ideas.
Hegel: Discursive, begins with thought rather than experience.
Novalis: Return of spirit, critical examination of philosophy itself.
Einstein: Foundation for scientific research, reflection on fundamental questions of the universe and life.
Chinese Scholar
Feng Youlan: Reflective thought about life, arises from doubt, explores universe and life.
Hu Shi: Study of vital problems of life, search for fundamental solutions, diverse philosophical themes.
BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
Logic
Propositional
Studies ways of combining or altering entire propositions.
Categorical
Logic of categories or classes, dates back to Aristotle
Predicate
Determines validity between propositions
Guides reasoning towards truth
Mathematical
Concerned with meanings of mathematical sentences and existence of abstract objects
Axiology
Aesthetics
Critical reflection on art, culture, and nature
Politics
Explores values underlying political theories and systems
Ethics
Philosophical study of moral judgments
Epistemology
Skepticism
Questions the possibility and certainty of knowledge
Notable figures: Sophists, Protagoras, Gorgias, Pyrrho
Dogmatism
Based on unquestionable principles, dismisses counterarguments
Concerned with the capacity of humans to know things
Metaphysics
Universals
Mind-independent entities postulated to ground relations among individuals
Ontology
Studies nature and structure of reality
Phil of Religion
Explores and evaluates religious views of reality
Causality
Asks questions about the nature of causal relations
Phil of Mind
Addresses fundamental questions about mental phenomena
BRIEF HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY
Medieval Philosophy
Christian Theology
Thomas Aquinas
Modern Age Philosophy
Renaissance Philosophy (Early Modern)
Francis Bacon, Galileo
Enlightenment (Late Modern)
Immanuel Kant
Hellenistic Philosophy
Stoicism
Indifference to Pain and Passion
Zeno of Citium
Eclecticism
Amalgamation of the Best Doctrines Available
Cicero, Seneca
Contemporary Philosophy
Jurgen Habermas
Discourse Ethics, Critical Theory, Communicative Action Theory
Classic/Ancient Philosophy
The Metaphysical Pluralists
Empedocles, Anaxagoras, Leucippus, Democritus
The Pythagoreans
Mathematical Philosophy
Pythagoras
The Eleatics
The Problem of Identity and Change
Xenophanes, Parmenides
The Problem of Man
From the Sophists to Plato
Socrates, Plato
Milesian School
The Problem of Matter
Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes
PHILOSOPHY IN THE WESTERN TRADITION
Guidance for Life
Stoics, Epicureans: philosophical teachings for a fulfilling life
Happiness from within: self-control, moderation, harmony with nature
Intersection with Religion
Many philosophical discussions intersect with religious topics
Philosophers like Augustine, Aquinas reconcile Christian theology with philosophy
Historical intertwining of philosophy and religion, especially in ancient and medieval times
Pursuit of Knowledge
Socrates: "The only true wisdom consists in knowing that you know nothing"
Emphasis on recognition of limitations, continuous learning, questioning
Aristotle's logic: foundational for scientific and philosophical methods
Complex Relationship
Shift with the Enlightenment: more secular approach, questioning religious teachings
Rise of skepticism, humanism led to modern secular philosophy
Dialogue between philosophy and religion continues in contemporary times
Meaning and Purpose
"Philosophy" from Greek "φιλοσοφία" (philosophia) = "love of wisdom"
Study of fundamental questions: existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, language
Encourages critical thinking, logical analysis, exploration of unanswered questions
Unity in Diversity
Diversity of philosophical orientations and methodologies
Common threads: rational arguments, conceptualizations, framework for understanding existence
Philosophy as a beacon of intellectual inquiry and enlightenment, inviting exploration of deepest questions
Origin and Development
Originated in ancient Greece
Prominent figures: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
Expanded into various schools: rationalism, empiricism, existentialism, analytic philosophy
PHILOSOPHY IN THE EASTERN TRADITION
Methodological Differences
Inductive Methods
Observation, introspection
Value intuition and insight
Metaphysical Inquiry
Emphasis on interconnectedness
Unity of all things
Philosophical Traditions
Buddhist Philosophy
Dependent origination
Illusory nature of the self
Daoist Philosophy
Downplays self and civilization's values
Dao as ineffable
Hindu Philosophy
Brahman as ultimate reality
Concept of impermanence
Confucian Philosophy
Controversy over religious classification
Considered a civil religion
Chinese Philosophy
Historical Development
Spring and Autumn Period, Warring States Period
Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism, Mohism, Yin and Yang
Influence and Reception
Transmission and Adaptation
Absorption of local traditions
Migration to diverse cultures
Taxonomic Creation
Scholarly categorization
Academic study in the West
Indian Philosophy
Brahmanical Philosophy
Nyaya, Vaisesika, Sankhya, Yoga, Purva-Mimansa, Vedanta
Lokayatta, Buddhism, Jainism
Future Directions
Continued Exploration
Deepening understanding
Unlocking secrets of existence
COMPARISON OF WESTERN AND EASTERN PHILOSOPHIES
Relationship with Nature and the Cosmos
Western Thought
Stewardship, dominion, scientific inquiry
Human control, exploitation
Eastern Philosophies
Harmony, balance, alignment
Humility, reverence, interconnectedness
Approaches to Knowledge and Wisdom
Western Philosophy
Rational inquiry, empirical evidence
Scientific experimentation, critical analysis
Eastern Philosophy
ntuitive insight, direct experience
Meditation, contemplation
Ethical Frameworks
Western Ethics
Duty, virtue, consequences
Emphasis on fairness, rights
Eastern Ethics
Compassion, non-violence, mindfulness
Emphasis on avoiding harm, cultivating virtues
Practical Applications in Daily Life
Western Societies
Individual autonomy, self-determination
Principles of empathy, tolerance, open-mindedness
Eastern Philosophies
Mental well-being, spiritual growth
Practices of meditation, mindfulness, yoga
Approaches to the Self and Identity
Western Philosophies
Rational, autonomous individual
Emphasis on autonomy, uniqueness
Eastern Philosophies
Impermanent, interdependent self
Challenge notion of fixed self
Views on Happiness and Fulfillment
Western Philosophies
External achievements, personal success
Inner tranquility, moderation
Eastern Philosophies
Inner peace, spiritual enlightenment
Transcending worldly desires, union with the divine
Foundational Principles
Western Philosophy
Rational inquiry, logical analysis
Love of wisdom, diverse schools
Eastern Philosophy
Intuitive understanding, spiritual traditions
Recognition of interconnectedness
THEORETICAL PHILOSOPHY
EPISTEMOLOGY
Theory of Knowledge
Theory of Belief
Theory of Truth
Skepticism
Historical Figures
Plato
Aristotle
René Descartes
John Locke
David Hume
Immanuel Kant
Edmund Gettier
Influence
Science
Education
Law
Everyday Life
LOGIC
Deductive Logic
Inductive Logic
Symbolic Logic
Modal Logic
Non-classical Logic
Historical Figures
Aristotle
Thomas Aquinas
Gottlob Frege
Bertrand Russell
Alfred North Whitehead
Ludwig Wittgenstein
Kurt Gödel
Influence
Mathematics
Computer Science
Linguistics
Everyday Life
METAPHYSICS
Ontology
Cosmology
Theological Metaphysics
Natural Metaphysics
Historical Figures
Plato
Aristotle
Immanuel Kant
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Martin Heidegger
Influence
Science
Morality and Ethics
Psychology
Theology
AXIOLOGY
Ethics
Aesthetics
Historical Figures
Immanuel Kant
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Influence
Ethics: Medical, Environmental, Business
Aesthetics: Artistic Creation, Criticism
Social Sciences: Policy Making, Cultural Development
Everyday Life: Personal Decisions, Career Choices, Relationships
PRACTICAL PHILOSOPHY
ECONOMY
Two Schools of Economic Methodology
Negativist Methodology
Instrumentalist Methodology
Influence on American Economics
Marketization and Economic Philosophy
CULTURE
Pragmatism in Language, Art, and Religion
Realist Movement and Utilitarianism
Stream of Consciousness in Literature
Influence on Literary Genres
Pragmatism's Influence on Art and Literature
POLITICS
Pragmatism in Social Problem Examination
Individual and Society
State as a Political Union
Society as Bonding
Influence on Human Bonding
NEW PHILOSOPHY
TECHNOLOGY
Philosophy of Technology
Practice of Designing and Creating Artifacts
Nature of Created Things
Instrumentalist Philosophy
Neutrality of Technology
Relationship between Humanity and Technology
Reflection of Modern Society
ECOLOGY
Dimensions of Ecology
Environmental Dimension
Social Dimension
Subjective Meaning
Wisdom of Habitation
Cohabitation with Others
Scheme of Consideration
Common Project
Philosophy of Ecology
Science and Philosophy
Foundational Issues