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Socio-Emotional Development Early Childhood, Biological influences:…
Socio-Emotional Development Early Childhood
Kaylee: The Self
Initiative versus Guilt
According to Erik Erikson, initiative versus guilt is the psychological stage that characterizes early childhood, and at this point, children have become convinced that they are their own person
During early childhood, children tend to use their perceptual, motor, cognitive and language skills to make things happen
The great governor of initiative is conscience
Now, children not only fear being noticed, but they also start to hear the voice inside of them that encourages self-reflection, self-direction and self-punishment
Their excitement and initiative could earn them both rewards and punishments. At this point, general dissatisfaction could cause a child's self-esteem to decrease due to a sense of guilt
Children have a lot of energy that allows them to approach new, interesting places with a heightened sense of direction and enthusiasm, even if they appear dangerous
Therefore, children at this stage venture out into a more broader social world on their own
Whether children leave this stage with a sense of initiative that outweighs their sense of guilt depends heavily on how parents respond to their children's self-initiated activites
Children who are given more freedom and opportunity to initiate motor play, such as running, bike riding, sledding, skating and wrestling have their initiative supported
Parental initiative is also encouraged when they respond to their kids' questions, and don't minimize or restrict play or fantasy
On the other hand, if the child gets upset over being told that their play is ridiculous, that their questions are annoying and that their play is silly, then they may grow to feel guilty about self-initiated activities that may carry into later stages of life
Self-Understanding
Erikson's description of early life shows that the young kid has started to learn self-understanding, a representation of oneself, as the content of one's self-conceptions
Early self-understanding involves self-recognition
A sense of "me" emerges later in the second year and early in the third year
In early childhood, young children think that the self can be described by many material characteristics, such as size, shape and color
They set themselves apart from others with a variety of physical characteristics
Physical characteristics are also a central component of the self in early childhood
For example, preschool children often describe themselves in terms of activities such as play
Overall, in children in early childhood often describe themselves in terms of body image, material possessions and physical activities
Four year-old Sandra says that she is different from Jennifer because they have different haircolors
Four year-old Ralph says that he is different from Solomon because Ralph is taller and has a bicycle
Personal example
Initiative versus Guilt: When I was little, I used to play pretend kitchen all the time. Being the only child, I had to keep myself busy when my parents were busy. When I would ask my mom to engage in what I was playing, she would allow me to be free in using my creativity which helped outweigh any guilt I could have experienced from engaging in imaginative play.
Self-understanding: Similar to the examples that were listed in the reading, in elementary school, I would express how I was different from other children based off of physical appearances. Always being the shorter one of the class, I would also explain how I was different from the others because they were so much taller then I was. This helped me develop a sense of identity and self-awareness regarding my physical self
Yatri - Parenting
Authoritarian Parenting - the restrictive style of parenting.
Authoritative Parenting - the parent encourages the child to be independent but also place limits and restrictions on the child.
Neglectful Parenting - the parents is not involved in the Childs life
The styles parents use when interacting with their children is an important part of parenting. In 1971, Diana Baumrind proposed that parents shouldn't be harsh or distant to their children. rather, they should develop rules for their children and be affectionate with them. She also talked about four types of parenting which are associated with the different aspects of the child's socio-development. These four parenting types include authoritarian, authoritative, neglectful and indulgent.
Indulgent Parenting - where the parents are highly involved in the Childs life.
Personal experience: I have seen many people who have very strict parents which leads to the kids lying to the parents to avoid the consequences. I would say, my parents used authoritative parenting when raising me.
Parents can play a very important role in helping young children regulate their emotions depending on how they talk with their children about emotion, parents can be described as taking an emotion-coaching or an emotion- dissing approach
Emotion regulation is an important aspect of peer acceptance. In one study conducted in the natural context of young children's everyday peer inter-actions, self regulation of emotion enhanced children's social competence
Among the most important changes in emotional development in early childhood are the increased use of emotion language and the understanding of emotion
In a study, parental ratings of children's shyness was more strongly associated with boys’ withdrawn behavior in school as compared to girls. This results suggests that that shyness can lead to higher risk of maladjustment for shy boys than girls
Researchers have found that when interacting with their children, emotion- coaching parents are less rejecting, use more scaffolding and praise and are more nurturant than are emotion-dissing parents
Emotion-coaching parents monitor their childrens’ emotions, view their childrens’ negative emotions as opportunities for teaching and coach them how to deal effectively with emotions
Emotion-dissing parents view their role as to deny, ignore or change negative emotions.
Children develop a better understanding of emotions in early childhood because of greater cognitive skills, knowledge of the self and social interactions in the age than in infancy
During early childhood years, emotions such as pride and guilt become more common because they are influenced by parents' response to children's behaviour
Biological influences: Biology clearly plays a role in sex development. Among the possible biological influences are chromosomes, hormones, and evoluation
Gender or "Sex" refers to the social and psychological dimensions of being male or female,
and gender refers to the social and psychological dimensions of being male or female. Gender identity is sense of being male or female, which most children acquire by the age of three (*3) years old. Gender role is a set of expectations that prescribe how a male or female should think, act, and do.
Chromosomes & Hormones; -Human have 46 chromosomes arranged in pairs. The 23rd pair consists of a combination of X and Y chromosomes. Usually in two X chromosomes in females and an X and Y in male.
The psychological view:
-Physical difference
- Father and son dyads than father and daughter
Mother and father behaviour difference
The Cognitive influences:
The peer influences: Gender combination group (boys and girls together)
Group size
Interaction with same sex group
*
In the first week of gestation, however males and female embryos look alike. Later that Males start to differ from females when genes on the Y-chromosomes in the male embryo trigger the development of tests rather than ovaries, the tests secrete copious amounts of the class of hormones known as androgen's. Which lead to the development of male sex organs. **. Low levels of androgen in the female embryo allow the normal development of female sex organs.
Gender: Simran
