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Topic 7 IDEOLOGY (Modernism - Post-Modernism - Relativism - Meta…

- - - - values, belief systems, political concepts, cultural traditions
  - - - Ideological identity
        
        Individual or group's belonging to an ideology
      - Some see ideology as the basis of identity, promoting social cohesion
      - Others argue identity can influence ideology, shaped by individual and social factors
      - Example
        
        Primitive societies' religious rituals influenced individual and societal identity
    - - Others argue ideology can challenge and constrain power, driving social change
      - The relationship between ideology and power involves both domination and challenge
      - Some view ideology as a tool of power, shaping and controlling society
      - Philosophical analysis aids in understanding power dynamics and socio-political development
      - Ideology's relationship with power is complex
      - Example
        
        Political ideologies used to consolidate rulers' legitimacy and restrict freedom of speech
    - - Some view ideology as dominant over ideological consciousness, shaping thoughts and values
      - Others argue that ideological consciousness can influence and shape ideology, considering individual cognition and choice
      - Ideological consciousness
        
        Individual's acceptance of ideology
      - Example
        
        Language ideology shapes language use and structure based on societal projects
      - Ideology
        
        System of ideas shaping social reality and future development
  - - - Critical Views
        
        Overemphasis on political ideology may hinder innovation and social progress
        
        Concerns about ideological homogenization restricting individual freedom and cultural pluralism
      - Emphasis on traditional Chinese culture's influence on ideology, advocating for its integration with contemporary ideology
      - Affirmative Views
        
        Socialist ideology with Chinese characteristics is vital for China's stability and development
        
        Emphasize the importance of adhering to socialist ideology for national prosperity
    - - Critical Views
        
        Ideology can be manipulated for political and economic interests, leading to social division and conflict
        
        Warns against ideological homogenization stifling individual freedom and societal innovation
      - Concerns about globalization's impact on ideology, advocating for mutual understanding and integration while respecting local cultures
      - Affirmative Views
        
        Ideological diversity fosters social progress, cultural exchange, and pluralism
        
        Ideology remains significant in modern society, impacting politics, social development, and culture
      - Scholars worldwide present diverse views on ideology, reflecting its complex role in society and providing rich theoretical resources for ideological development and construction
- - - - Emphasis on human values and dignity
      - Development of human rights and democracy
    - - Stress on individual rights and autonomy
      - Challenge to traditional social hierarchy
    - - Separation of religion and politics
      - Promotion of religious freedom and political autonomy
    - - Declaration of Human Rights during the French Revolution
  - - - Church's rejection of Copernicus's heliocentric theory
  - - - Importance of individual experience in value judgment
    - - Questioning the reliability of knowledge and truth
    - - Emphasis on cultural diversity and subjective truth
    - - Foucault's "power knowledge" concept challenging traditional historical narratives.
- - - - Religion may manifest more as a cultural phenomenon
    - - Despite relativity, religion can still offer meaning and moral guidance
    - - Postmodernism prompts skepticism of traditional religious beliefs
- - - - Developed principles of liberalism and social contract. Advocated for individual rights and consent of governed. Ideas embedded in modern constitutions and political debates
    - - Theory of communicative action highlighted role of rational discourse in democracy. Emphasized communication and mutual understanding in political theory
    - - Emphasized primacy of reason. Critical philosophy revolutionized understanding of knowledge and perception. Moral philosophy laid groundwork for ethical theory and human rights
    - - Explored complexities of modern identity formation. Highlighted narrative nature of identity and interplay between personal and social structures
  - - - Shift towards empirical observation and rational inquiry. Exemplified by works of Sir Isaac Newton. Pioneered methodological approach to understand universe
    - - Response to cultural shifts of Enlightenment. Embraced abstract and fragmented perspective. Challenged traditional aesthetic values and explored new styles and themes
    - - Influenced by Enlightenment ideals of liberty, democracy, and science. Emphasized checks and balances, protection of individual freedoms
  - - - Emphasis on reason, science, and individualism
      - Rational thought as primary tool for advancement
      - Departure from medieval mindset
    - - Advancements in science, technology, and governance. Tangible improvements in living standards
    - - Linked to the Enlightenment period (late 17th to early 19th century)
- - - - Introduced deconstruction. Questions stability and coherence of texts. Emphasizes multiple interpretations and challenges single, definitive truth
    - - Explored power and knowledge. Revealed power dynamics in defining truth. Concept of 'epistemes' dismantles notion of objective knowledge
    - - "The Postmodern Condition." Critically examines transformation into postmodernism. Argues for plurality of localized narratives over grand modernist narratives
  - - - Use of metafiction, pastiche, and non-linear storytelling. Challenges traditional narrative form and authority of narrator
    - - Embraces localized, contextual, and fragmented knowledge. Critically examines power dynamics in knowledge production
    - - Departure from modernist design towards complexity, eclecticism, and irony. Integration of historical styles in unexpected ways
  - - - Pluralism and skepticism
      - Truth and knowledge as constructs shaped by social interactions and cultural contexts
    - - Questions absolute truths and reliability of singular narratives
    - - Challenges foundational principles of progress, objective truth, and rationality
- - - - Introduced metamodernism as dynamic interplay between modern enthusiasm and postmodern skepticism. Emphasized oscillation between earnestness and irony
    - - Advocated for pragmatic and pluralistic approach to knowledge. Critiqued postmodern rejection of grand narratives
  - - - Integrates traditional techniques with digital media. Artists like Olafur Eliasson merge past and future artistic practices, reflecting nostalgia and innovation
    - - Blends historical influences with futuristic designs. Architects like Bjarke Ingels honor traditional architectural elements while incorporating innovative concepts
    - - Juxtaposes earnest narratives with postmodern skepticism. Authors like David Foster Wallace blend sincere storytelling with reflective critique
    - - Blends classical genres with contemporary sounds. Composers like Max Richter create compositions that resonate with emotional and intellectual experiences
  - - - Bridges cynicism of postmodernism and quest for truth of modernism
    - - Oscillation between sincerity and irony, hope and melancholy
      - Synthesizing complexity without succumbing to despair
- - - - Modernism: Emerged from industrial civilization in late 19th to early 20th century Europe and the US
      - Postmodernism: Arisen from contradictions in post-industrial society since the 1960s
    - - Postmodernism: Irrationalism, deconstructionism
      - Modernism: Rationalism, realism
    - - Postmodernism: Opposes rational supremacy, questions science, relative truth, personal narratives, deconstructionism, pluralism
      - Modernism: Emphasizes rationality, science, universal truth, grand narratives, structuralism
    - - Modernism: Self-centered, pursuit of individuality and ego
      - Postmodernism: Opposes centers, emphasizes centerless consciousness
    - - Postmodernism: Questions traditional structures, emphasizes decentralization, diversity, promotes social pluralism
      - Modernism: Favors centralized, standardized organizations, promotes urbanization, and modernization
    - - Modernism: Pursues simplicity, functionality, rationalization, abstract and minimalist styles, deep meanings, cultural sophistication
      - Postmodernism: Emphasizes complexity, hybridity, diversified forms, cultural mobility, flat culture without depth, opposes deeper meanings, reduced uniqueness