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theories affecting policy? - Coggle Diagram
theories affecting policy?
biochemical process has changed crime control policies to reduce offending
drug treatment
alcohol abuse - Antabuse is a drug used to give bad hangovers and prevent the body breaking down the alchol
Heroin addiction - methadone is used as a long term alternative which prevents the withdrawal symptoms
Sex offenders - stilbestrol is a drug used as a chemical castration, it is a female hormone which supressess the male hormone however it has side effects eg breast deveopment
Diet
lower levels of serotonin diet has been linked with violent behaviour so eating a more serotonin enrich diet can prevent antisocial behaviour eg tuna
Vitamin B3 - used to treat some cases of schizophrenia
Genetic theory - eugenics
eugenicists are concerned with the deterioration of the human race as they believe the criminal tendencies are passed through genetics. They believe the inferior are breeding more, spreading inferior genes eg low intelligence. eugenicists believe in compulsory sterilisation. eg nazis wanting racial purity of the 'aryan race'
Surgery
lobotomy - cutting the connection between frontal lobes and thallimus, used on paranoid schizophrenia and some sexually motivated criminals. aim to change their thinking
Individualistic
Feuds psychoanalysis
Feud believes the cause of criminality is due to the superego not developing as a result of inadequate socialisation. it involves bringing the unconscious conflicts to the conscious mind to be resolved, through hypnosis. Acorn used this on young offenders institution as their superego had no fully developed due to inadequate socialisation at a young age. he refused the harsh conditions are took offenders to a better environment which would allow the super ego to develop. however it is a lengthy process, costs alot and time consuming
Eynecks aversion therapy
believed criminals were hard to condition due to personality type so conditions needed to be harder. process often used on sex offenders. asked to think of innapropiate sexual fantasy until arousal, given strong stimulus eg electric shock, until they associate the arrousal with the shock. limited success, goes against human rights, short term
Cognitive theories
state our cognitions shape our behaviour, offenders have distorted cognitions leading to them offending. CBT aims to change their thoughts. eg ART, includes interpersonal skills such as role play, anger control and moral reasoning such as given dilemmas to consider
sociological
merton and subcultures - believes that society has a main goal of 'money success 'however opportunities are blocked for working class, and subcultures believe different subcultures respond in different ways. helped change policies in making society fair eg policies to prevent poverty (bemifits), equality in school and education in prison so they can get a job
labelling theory - believes crime is as a result of self fulfilling prophency, by labelling someone as criminal they will inevitably turn to crime. helped develop several crime control policies eg decriminalisation, decriminalising less serious offences such as cannabis would prevent young offenders being labelled as criminals. criminal record can prevent them getting a job. and diversion policies which aims to keep people out the justice system to avoid labelling, some are informal eg not charging offender or formal eg anger management courses
penal populism - right realism believes that criminals make a rational choice to offend by weighing up costs and benifits. government attempt to propose new laws to punish offenders eg introduction of mandatory minimum sentences leading to more people in prison, however, risk of imprisonment isn't a deterrent for all offenders
Surveillance -modern form of surveillance is the panopticon, guards can watch inmates without prisoners knowing if they are being watched or not, leading to self fulfilling prophecy. lead to stereotyping or surveillance creep, lead to profiling policies. eg air port security screening checks are based on offenders 'risk factors'