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Philippines, MHE - Coggle Diagram
Philippines, MHE
Vulnerability
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capital of Manila (on the island of Luzon) is very densely populated - increases disaster risk by increasing impact on people and property if those areas hit
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settlements built in vulnerable areas - e.g. Angeles built near Mt Pinatubo after it was classified as dormant before 1991 eruption
Pressures of increasing population --> deforestation of upland agricultural areas --> reduces interception and water table capacity (reduces infiltration potential --> increased landslide disaster risk
Widespread economic deprivation - can't afford to build stable hazard-proof infrastructure, provide educational programmes to citizens, provide mitigation disaster kits for all, respond quickly to disasters in the quantity needed
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Typhoons
Philippines is between 5-20N of equator, so is vulnerable to typhoons developing in West pacific Ocean, where ocean surface temp is over 27C, Coriolis effect is strong enough to rotate low pressure systems, trade winds will move storm west towards Philippines
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e.g. Typhoon Xangsane 2006, swept across Manila & densely populated surroundings, destroyed homes with high winds, torrential rain subsequent flooding/ landslides, loss of power & water; 200 deaths, cost over $130 million
e.g. Typhoon Haiyan 2013 had max 1 minute wind speeds at 315km/h before reaching land, most powerful tropical storm to ever hit land, 6500 deaths, 11 million affected
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Earthquakes
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e.g. 1990 EQ on Luzon Island: mag 7.8, 1500 killed
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Tsunamis
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1976 EQ: mag 7.9, 4-5m high tsunami hit Moro Gulf coastline, thousands killed, several cities devastated
Drought
occur when wet season (distinct in Manila) hasn't' brought enough rain to last through dry season/ dry season is very harsh
2005 Luzon Island drought: reduced rainfall decreased river discharge, decreased economic activity due to lack of HEP